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C > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nociceptive pain?

A

An appropriate physiological response to painful stimuli via an intact nervous system

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2
Q

What is Neoropathic pain?

A

An inappropriate response cause by a dysfunction in the nervous system

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3
Q

Describe acute pain

A

Usually obvious tissue damage
Protective function
Increased nervous system activity
Pain resolves upon healing

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4
Q

Describe chronic pain

A

Pain beyond expected period of healing
Pain no longer serves a useful purpose
Changes in pain signalling and detection
Degrades health and function

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5
Q

What medications are given for chronic pain management?

A 
Non-opioid analgesics
Opiod analgesics
Antidepressants
Anticonvulsants
Topical analgesics
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6
Q

Give examples of non-opiod analgesics

A

NSAIDS
Paracetemol
Aspirin

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7
Q

Give examples of opioid analgesics

A

Tramadol
Codeine
Morphine
Oxyxodone

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8
Q

Give examples of antidepressants

A

Amytriptyline

Duloxetine

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9
Q

Give examples of anticonvulsants

A

Gabapentin

Pregabalin

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10
Q

Give examples of topical anaesthetics

A

Capsaicin

Lidocaine 5% plaster

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11
Q

What are the modes of action of non-opiod analgesics?

A

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase

Prostaglandin synthesis decreases

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12
Q

Side effects of non-opiod analgesics (aspirin, ibuprofen)

A

GI irritation/ bleeding
Renal toxicity
Potential drug interactions
Cardiovascular side effects

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13
Q

What is the mode of action of paracetamol?

A

Inhibition of central prostaglandin synthesis

Not fully explained

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14
Q

Side effects of paracetamol

A

Risk of liver damage

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15
Q

What are the modes of action of opioid analgesics?

A

Activate the endogenous analgesic system

Reduce ascending pain signal transmission in the spinal cord

Affect descending pathways that modulate pain perception

Stimulate receptors in limbic system to eliminate subjective feeling pain

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16
Q

What are the side effects of opioids

A 
Nausea
Vomiting 
Constipation
Dizziness/ vertigo
Drowsiness
Dry skin/ pruritis
17
Q

What are classed as weak opioids?

A

Tramadol

Codeine

18
Q

What are classed as strong opioids?

A

Morphine

Oxycodone

19
Q

What is the mode of action of antidepressants? (amytriptyline, imipramine)

A

Inhibition of neuronal reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin

20
Q

What are the side effects of antidepressants? (amytriptyline, imipramine)

A 
Constipation
Dry mouth
Somnolence (drowsiness) 
Abnormalities in heart rate/ rhythm 
Insomnia 
Increased appetite
21
Q

What are the modes of action of Selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors?

A

Selectively inhibit reuptake of noradrenaline or serotonin or both

Provides analgesia by intensifying descending inhibition

22
Q

What are the side effects of duloxetine?

A 
Nausea 
Vomiting
Constipation
Somnolence
Dry mouth
Increased sweating
Loss of appetite
23
Q

What is the mode of action of Gabapentin?

A

Binds to presynaptic voltage dependent calcium channels

24
Q

What is the mode of action of Pregabalin?

A

Interacts with special N-type calcium channels

25
Q

What is the mode of action of Carbamazepine?

A

Blocks Na 1 and Ca 2 channels

26
Q

What are the side effects of anticonvulsants?

A 
Sedation
Dizziness
Ataxia 
Peripheral oedema 
Nausea
Weight gain
27
Q

What are the main categories of topical analgesics?

A

Rubefacients
NSAIDS
Miscellaneous group
Lidocaine 5% medicated plaster

28
Q

How do topical analgesics work?

A

Reduce pain impulses transmitted by A-delta-fibres and C-fibres

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