Pain Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is Nociceptive pain?
An appropriate physiological response to painful stimuli via an intact nervous system
What is Neoropathic pain?
An inappropriate response cause by a dysfunction in the nervous system
Describe acute pain
Usually obvious tissue damage
Protective function
Increased nervous system activity
Pain resolves upon healing
Describe chronic pain
Pain beyond expected period of healing
Pain no longer serves a useful purpose
Changes in pain signalling and detection
Degrades health and function
What medications are given for chronic pain management?
Non-opioid analgesics Opiod analgesics Antidepressants Anticonvulsants Topical analgesics
Give examples of non-opiod analgesics
NSAIDS
Paracetemol
Aspirin
Give examples of opioid analgesics
Tramadol
Codeine
Morphine
Oxyxodone
Give examples of antidepressants
Amytriptyline
Duloxetine
Give examples of anticonvulsants
Gabapentin
Pregabalin
Give examples of topical anaesthetics
Capsaicin
Lidocaine 5% plaster
What are the modes of action of non-opiod analgesics?
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase
Prostaglandin synthesis decreases
Side effects of non-opiod analgesics (aspirin, ibuprofen)
GI irritation/ bleeding
Renal toxicity
Potential drug interactions
Cardiovascular side effects
What is the mode of action of paracetamol?
Inhibition of central prostaglandin synthesis
Not fully explained
Side effects of paracetamol
Risk of liver damage
What are the modes of action of opioid analgesics?
Activate the endogenous analgesic system
Reduce ascending pain signal transmission in the spinal cord
Affect descending pathways that modulate pain perception
Stimulate receptors in limbic system to eliminate subjective feeling pain
What are the side effects of opioids
Nausea Vomiting Constipation Dizziness/ vertigo Drowsiness Dry skin/ pruritis
What are classed as weak opioids?
Tramadol
Codeine
What are classed as strong opioids?
Morphine
Oxycodone
What is the mode of action of antidepressants? (amytriptyline, imipramine)
Inhibition of neuronal reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin
What are the side effects of antidepressants? (amytriptyline, imipramine)
Constipation Dry mouth Somnolence (drowsiness) Abnormalities in heart rate/ rhythm Insomnia Increased appetite
What are the modes of action of Selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors?
Selectively inhibit reuptake of noradrenaline or serotonin or both
Provides analgesia by intensifying descending inhibition
What are the side effects of duloxetine?
Nausea Vomiting Constipation Somnolence Dry mouth Increased sweating Loss of appetite
What is the mode of action of Gabapentin?
Binds to presynaptic voltage dependent calcium channels
What is the mode of action of Pregabalin?
Interacts with special N-type calcium channels
