Pain and Osteoarthritis

Question 1

Nociceptors*

Answer 1

Neurons that detect pain

Question 2

Nociceptive Pain*

Answer 2

Nociceptors are activated in response to actual or impending tissue injury

Question 3

Endorphins *

Answer 3

Group of hormones secreted within brain and nervous system

Activate body’s opiate receptors causing analgesic(relives pain) effect

Question 4

Referred Pain*

Answer 4

Originated at visceral but perceived as originating form another part of the body.

Question 5

Ruffini Ending*

Answer 5

Sense stretch of skin pressure on skin and perception of heat

Question 6

Neospinothalamic Tract*

Answer 6

• rapid transmission of sensory signals to thalamus
• transmit sharp-fast pain info
• pain experienced as bright, sharp or stabbing
• identify precise location of pain

Question 7

Neuropathic Pain*

Answer 7

Arises from direct injury to nerves (damage to somatosensory nervous system)

Question 8

Osteoporosis*

Answer 8

Disease that occurs when body loses bone or makes too little bone resulting in weak bones

Question 9

Causes of Osteoporosis*

Answer 9

• aging

- endocrine disorders or malignancy

Question 10

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis*

Answer 10

• personal characteristics (post menopause, female, family history)
• lifestyle (calcium deficiency, diet, excessive alcohol/caffeine/smoking)
• disease
• drug related

Question 11

Treatment for Osteoporosis *

Answer 11

• weight bearing exercise (walking, jogging, weight lifting)
• adequate calcium intake
• anabolic agent (medication)
• antiresorptive agent (medication)

Question 12

Osteoarthritis*

Answer 12

Painful degenerative joint disease

-occurs as localized or generalized

Question 13

Cause of Osteoarthritis*

Answer 13

• post inflammatory disease
• post traumatic injury
• disorders of bone
• metabolic disorders
• neuropathic arthritis
• hereditary
• idiopathic (unknown)

Question 14

Osteoarthritis Induced Joint Changes*

Answer 14

• loss of articular cartilage
• synovitis
• bone spurs
• osteophytes
• joint pain
• stiffness
• limited mobility
• deformity

Question 15

Somatosensory Cortex*

Answer 15

Pain information perceived and interpreted

Question 16

Osteosclerosis*

Answer 16

Abnormal hardening of the bone and an elevation of bone density

Question 17

Neurons

Answer 17

Afferent

Efferent

Question 18

Afferent Neurons

Answer 18

Sensation (feel heat or pain)

Question 19

Efferent Neurons

Answer 19

Response (move hand from hot stove)

Question 20

Types of Sensory System Neurons

Answer 20

First Order
Second Order
Third Order

Question 21

First Order

Answer 21

Sensory info from periphery to CNS

Question 22

Third Order

Answer 22

Information relayed from thalamus to cerebral cortex

Question 23

Mechanisms of Pain

Answer 23

First Order Neurons
Second Order Neurons
Third Order Neurons

Question 24

First Order Neurons

Answer 24

Nociceptors - detect stimuli that threaten the integrity of innervated tissues

Question 25

Second Order Neurons

Answer 25

A8 Fibers (fast) - process nociceptor information

Question 26

Third Order Neurons

Answer 26

C Fibers (slow) - project pain information to brain

Question 27

Discriminative Pathway

Answer 27

Crosses at base of medulla | Relays info to brain for perception, arousal and motor control

Question 28

Anterolateral Pathway

Answer 28

Transmission of sensory info that does not require localization of source or intensity

Question 29

Paleospinothalamic Tract

Answer 29

- Slow transmission that do not localize or define intensity - Project into intralaminar nuclei - diffuse dull, aching or unpleasant sensation associated with chronic or visceral pain

Question 30

Limbic System*

Answer 30

Emotional components of pain are experienced

Question 31

Brain Stem Centers

Answer 31

Autonomic nervous system responses recruited

Question 32

Allodynia

Answer 32

Pain from non-injurious skin stimuli

Question 33

Hyperalgesia

Answer 33

Extreme sensitivity to pain

Question 34

Hyperesthesia

Answer 34

Pathological sensitivity to sensory stimuli

Question 35

Hypoesthesia

Answer 35

Impairment of tactile stimulation

Question 36

Paresthesia

Answer 36

Abnormal tingling or prickling sensation

Question 37

Hyperpathia

Answer 37

Clinical symptom of nerve damage, exaggerated level of pain

Question 38

Analgesia

Answer 38

Absence of pain

Question 39

Hypoalgesia

Answer 39

Absence of pain from normally painful stimuli

Question 40

Pain threshold

Answer 40

Point where stimulus is perceived painful

Question 41

Pain tolerance

Answer 41

Maximum intensity or duration of pain a person can endure before wanting something done

Question 42

Cutaneous Pain

Answer 42

Sharp and burning originating in skin or subcutaneous tissue

Question 43

Deep Pain

Answer 43

Diffuse and throbbing originating in deeper body structures

Question 44

Second Order

Answer 44

Communication between reflex networks and sensory pathways in spinal cord that travel directly to the thalamus

Question 45

Visceral Pain

Answer 45

Diffuse, poorly defined as a result of stretching, distension or ischemia of tissues

Question 46

Phantom Limb Pain

Answer 46

Neurological pain, associated with amputation

Question 47

Internal Pain Relief

Answer 47

Endorphins - bind to same receptors as opioids Encephalin- bind to specific receptors Dynorphins

Question 48

Assessing Pain

Answer 48

- nature - severity - location - radiation - verbal descriptors - numeric pain intensity - visual analogs