Disorders Of Visual Functions

Question 1

Conjunctiva *

Answer 1

Mucous around eye

Question 2

Conjunctivitis *

Answer 2

Redness and swelling of the clear membrane

Question 3

Conjunctiva Disorders*

Answer 3

Infectious

• bacterial
• viral
• chlamydial
• opthalmia neonatorum (baby’s eyes are contaminated during passage through birth canal from infected mother)

Question 4

Presbyopia*

Answer 4

Change in vision due to aging (thickened lens and less elastic muscle fibres)

Question 5

Glaucoma*

Answer 5

Increased introcular pressure which leads to loss of vision or blindness

Question 6

Open-Angle Glaucoma*

Answer 6

Wide angle and open but drainage canals are clogged overtime causing an increase in pressure and damage to optic nerve

Question 7

Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Answer 7

Narrow angle, sudden increase in intraocular pressure. Fluid is continually produced and drains out of eye

Question 8

Cataracts*

Answer 8

Clouding of lens

Question 9

Causes of Cataracts *

Answer 9

• aging
• genetic, environmental, metabolic influences
• drugs
• injury
• diabetes
• long term exposure to sunlight
• heavy smoking
• secondary to trauma or disease

Question 10

Ectropion*

Answer 10

Lower lid is loose and rolls out

Question 10

Ectropion Causes*

Answer 10

Muscle weakness
Facial paralysis
Scars or previous surgery
Genetic disorders

Question 11

Entropion

Answer 11

Lower lid rolls in

Question 12

Optic nerve

Answer 12

Connects to brain; sends signals

Question 13

Tears

Answer 13

Protective film that hydrates the eyes

Question 14

Deterioration of tear film from:

Answer 14

Aging
Loss of reflex lacrimal gland secretion
Contact lenses

Question 15

How to treat deterioration of tear film?

Answer 15

Artificial tears
Plug lacrimal puncta
Ointments

Question 16

Lacrimal

Answer 16

Drainage of eyes

Question 17

Hordeolum

Answer 17

Infection if sebaceous gland (aka stye)

Question 18

Amblyopia

Answer 18

Diminished vision with no detectable organic eye lesion of eye

Question 19

Strabismus

Answer 19

Abnormality of eye coordination resulting in binocular vision
(Paralytic strabismus - muscle is impaired)

Question 20

Abducens nerve

Answer 20

Lateral eye movement

Question 21

Trochlear

Answer 21

Down and inwards (superior obliques)

Question 22

Oculomotor

Answer 22

Up, down, medial, up and in

Question 23

Pupil size is controlled by?

Answer 23

Autonomic nervous system

• parasympathetic controls constriction
• sympathetic controls dilation

Question 24

Uveal tract

Answer 24

Middle vascular layer

Question 25

Anopia

Answer 25

Blindness in one eye

Question 26

Hemianopia

Answer 26

Loss of half of visual field in one eye

Question 27

Quadrantanopia

Answer 27

Quarter of visual field lost in one eye

Question 28

Heteronymous hemianopia

Answer 28

Loss of half-fields in two eyes

Question 29

Aqueous humor

Answer 29

- maintains intraocular pressure - mediates exchange of respiratory gases - provides nutrition to lens and cornea - low protein - high acid, glucose, amino acids

Question 30

Primary Visual Impairment

Answer 30

No evidence of preexisting ocular or systemic disease

Question 31

Secondary Visual Impairment

Answer 31

Associated with other inflammatory process affecting eye

Question 32

Ischemia

Answer 32

Inadequate blood supply to eye

Question 33

Papilledma

Answer 33

Increased pressure in brain causing optic nerve to swell

Question 34

Retinal Vein Occlusion

Answer 34

Blockage of veins that carry blood away from retina

Question 35

Retinal Artery Occlusion

Answer 35

Blockage where blood flows into eye artery

Question 36

Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer 36

Vision loss due to diabetes - nonproliferative: confined to retina - proliferative: formation of new fragile blood vessels

Question 37

Retinal Detachment - Exudative

Answer 37

From accumulation of fluid in sub-retinal space

Question 38

Retinal Detachment - Traction

Answer 38

From scar tissue

Question 39

Retinal Detachment - Rhegmatogenous

Answer 39

Most common type where vitreous begins to liquefy and collapse

Question 40

Macular Degeneration

Answer 40

Dry form - atrophic (waste/decrease in size) | Wet form - exudative (leaking/oozing)

Question 42

Visual Agnosia

Answer 42

Loss of learned meaningfulness of visual images