Pain pt 1

Question 1

is pain objective or subjective

Answer 1

subjective

Question 2

what is bradykinin

Answer 2

a powerful vasodilator that increases capillary
permeability and constricts smooth muscle

Question 3

what are prostaglandins

Answer 3

important hormone-like substances that
send additional pain stimuli to the CNS

Question 4

what is substance P

Answer 4

sensitizes receptors on nerves to feel pain
and also increases the rate of firing of
nerves

Question 5

what is transduction

Answer 5

activation of pain receptors

Question 6

what is transmission

Answer 6

conduction along pathways (A-delta and C-delta fibers)

Question 7

what is perception of pain

Answer 7

awareness of the characteristics of pain (feeling)

Question 8

what is modulation

Answer 8

inhibition or modification of
pain (meds)

Question 9

what is pain threshold

Answer 9

Minimum Intensity of a Stimulus that is Perceived as Painful

Question 10

what is adaptation

Answer 10

The body adapts to painful stimuli when introduced slowly

Question 11

what are some modulators of pain

Answer 11

neuromodulators
endorphins
dynorphins
enkephalins

Question 12

what are neuromodulators

Answer 12

natural Opioid compounds that reduce pain through binding opioid receptors in the CNS

Question 13

what are 3 pain blocking chemicals that relieve pain

Answer 13

endorphins
dynorphins
enkephalins

Question 14

what is etiology

Answer 14

cause of pain

Question 15

what are the typical causes of acute pain

Answer 15

injury or surgery

Question 16

what are some characteristics of acute pain

Answer 16

rapid onset
varies in intensity
warns person of damage

Question 17

what are some characteristics of chronic pain

Answer 17

Lasts beyond the normal healing period
can cause depression
usually interfere’s w/ ADL’s
can have periods of exasterbations
can be dependent on pain meds
can cause frustration or anger

Question 18

what is cutaneous pain

Answer 18

superficial (papercut)

Question 19

what is somatic pain

Answer 19

deep pain
diffused/scattered
ex. sprains, arthritis, and ligament tears

Question 20

what is visceral pain

Answer 20

originates in organ and can radiate
ex. gi infection, labor pain, appendicitis

Question 21

what is referred pain

Answer 21

occurs in area distant from original site (ex. heart attack)

Question 22

what is nociceptive pain

Answer 22

most common
aching pain
receptors respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical pain
usually somatic and visceral

Question 23

what is neuropathic pain

Answer 23

nerve pain
caused by lesions, peripheral/cns, burning, numbness (peripheral neuropathy)
usually chronic

Question 24

what is intractable pain

Answer 24

pain that is chronic and resistant to pain relief
should use heat, ice or massage
ex. RA or failed back surgery

Question 25

what is nociplastic pain

Answer 25

don't really understand it or know the cause ex. fibromyalgia

Question 26

what is phantom pain

Answer 26

pain without demonstrated physiologic or pathologic substance (ex: phantom limb pain)

Question 27

what is psychogenic pain

Answer 27

physical cause for the pain cannot be identified pain resulting from a mental event ex fibromyalgia

Question 28

how do we assess pain

Answer 28

location- where (external/internal) duration- how long, when did it start, does it come and go or is it constant quantity- pain scale quality- how it feels (sharp, dull, diffused, sore, throbbing, cramping, stinging, numbness, tingling chronology- what were they doing when it started, progression of pain, any changes aggravating factors alleviating factors

Question 29

what are some physiologic responses to pain

Answer 29

increased bp and pulse skin color change perspiration constricted pupils nausea muscle tension anxiety

Question 30

what are the categories of the nonverbal pain scale

Answer 30

face activity guarding physiology respiratory

Question 31

what are the categories of the CRIES assessment tool

Answer 31

crying vitals expression sleeplessness o2 saturation

Question 32

what is the FLACC assessment tool intended for

Answer 32

children who are nonverbal

Question 33

what are the categories of the PAINAD scale

Answer 33

breathing negative vocalization facial expression body language consolability