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GI > Pancreatic Disease > Flashcards

Pancreatic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

A 
Exocrine = Enzyme production 
Endocrine = Hormone production
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2
Q

What is acute pancreatitis?

A

Acute inflammation of the pancreas

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3
Q

What is mild acute pancreatitis?

A

Associated with minimal organ dysfunction

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4
Q

What is severe acute pancreatitis?

A

Associated with organ failure and/or local complication

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5
Q

What are the causes of acute pancreatitis?

A 
Gallstones
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune
Scorpion bites/stings
Hyperlipidaemia/hyperthermia/hypercalcaemia
ERCP
Drugs
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6
Q

What are the symptoms of acute pancreatitis?

A 
Epigastric/diffuse abdominal pain +/- radiation to the back 
Nausea and vomiting 
Indigestion 
Abdominal tenderness
Loss of appetite +/- weight loss 
Temperature 
Jaundice
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7
Q

What blood test is used for diagnosing acute pancreatitis?

A

Amylase (decreases)

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8
Q

What imaging can be used to investigate acute pancreatitis?

A 
Ultrasound = rules out biliary pancreatitis 
CT = assesses severity and complications
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9
Q

What is the treatment for acute biliary pancreatitis?

A

ERCP

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10
Q

What are the local complications of acute pancreatitis?

A 
Fluid collection 
Pseudocysts 
Abscess
Necrosis +/- infection 
Ascites 
Pleural effusion
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11
Q

What are the systemic complications of acute pancreatitis?

A 
Pulmonary failure
Renal failure
Shock 
Sepsis
Metabolic acidosis 
Hyperglycaemia 
Hypoglycaemia 
MODS
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12
Q

What is the treatment for pseudocysts?

A

Surgical drainage
Cystgastronomy = drain to stomach
Cystjejunostomy = drain to small bowel

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13
Q

What is the treatment for pancreatic abscess?

A

CT/US guided drainage

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14
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis?

A

Progressive and irreversible destruction of pancreatic tissue resulting in permanent loss of endocrine and exocrine function

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?

A

Alcohol abuse

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16
Q

What is the treatment for chronic pancreatitis?

A

Very complex

17
Q

What type of cancer are the majority of exocrine pancreatic cancers?

A

Adenocarcinoma

18
Q

What types of endocrine pancreatic cancers are there?

A

Gastrinoma
Insulinoma
Glucagonoma

19
Q

What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer?

A 
Painless jaundice 
Dark urine, pale stools 
Weight loss
Anorexia
Nausea and vomiting 
Poss back pain
20
Q

What are the risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

A 
Age
Smoking 
Charred meat
Obesity and inactivity 
Diabetes Type I and II
21
Q

What imaging can be used to investigate pancreatic cancer?

A

CT
Endoscopic ultrasound
ERCP (in this case, take brushings to type cancer)

22
Q

What are the palliative treatments for pancreatic cancer?

A

Stenting
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

23
Q

How are pancreatic cancers staged?

A

Tis to T4 = Size
N0 or N1 = Lymph nodes
M0 or M1 = Metastases

24
Q

What is the curative treatment for pancreatic cancer?

A

Surgery

25
Q

What types of surgery exist for pancreatic cancer?

A

Resectable

Non resectable

26
Q

Which operation is used for a tumour in the head of the pancreas?

A

Whipple’s

27
Q

Which operation is used for a tumour in the middle of the pancreas?

A

Total pancreatectomy

28
Q

Which operation is used for a tumour in the tail of the pancreas?

A

Distal pancreatectomy

29
Q

What is a complication of a distal pancreatectomy?

A

Often spleen must also be removed due to splenic artery damage

30
Q

Which operations can be used for non resectable pancreatic cancers?

A

Biliary bypass
Gastric bypass
Double bypass

GI (24 decks)

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