paper 1

Question 1

Card Front: Parsons

Answer 1

Card Back: Functionalist who argued the nuclear family performs vital functions: primary socialisation and the stabilisation of adult personalities. He also proposed the theory of the “functional fit.”

Question 4

Card Front: Durkheim

Question 5

Card Back: Believed education promotes social solidarity and teaches specialist skills; emphasised the importance of norms and values for social cohesion.

Question 7

Card Front: Zaretsky

Question 8

Card Back: Marxist who said the family supports capitalism by providing emotional support to workers and socialising children into capitalist values.

Question 10

Card Front: Engels

Question 11

Card Back: Argued the monogamous nuclear family developed to ensure inheritance of private property in capitalist societies.

Question 13

Card Front: Althusser

Question 14

Card Back: Marxist who saw the family as part of the ideological state apparatus

Answer 14

maintaining capitalist ideology through socialisation.

Question 16

Card Front: Oakley

Question 17

Card Back: Feminist who critiqued the symmetrical family

Answer 17

arguing that housework and childcare remain unequal and are shaped by gender socialisation.

Question 19

Card Front: Delphy and Leonard

Question 20

Card Back: Radical feminists who argue the family is a patriarchal institution that exploits women’s unpaid labour.

Question 22

Card Front: Somerville

Question 23

Card Back: Liberal feminist who acknowledges progress in gender equality

Answer 23

suggesting reforms rather than radical changes to the family.

Question 25

Card Front: Giddens

Question 26

Card Back: Postmodernist who introduced the idea of “confluent love” and the pure relationship

Answer 26

emphasising choice and intimacy in modern families.

Question 28

Card Front: Beck and Beck-Gernsheim

Question 29

Card Back: Talked about individualisation – people are no longer bound by traditional roles

Answer 29

leading to diverse and negotiated family arrangements.

Question 31

Card Front: Rapport and Rapport

Question 32

Card Back: Identified five types of family diversity: organisational

Answer 32

cultural

Question 34

Card Front: Murray

Question 35

Card Back: New Right thinker who criticised single-parent families and welfare dependency

Answer 35

linking them to a decline in moral standards.

Question 37

Card Front: Modood

Question 38

Card Back: Found that ethnic minority identities are often hybrid

Answer 38

combining traditional culture with British values.

Question 40

Card Front: Sewell

Question 41

Card Back: Argues that lack of role models and influence of hyper-masculinity affects black boys’ identity and achievement.

Question 43

Card Front: Sharpe

Question 44

Card Back: Found a change in girls’ ambitions from family and love in the 1970s to career and independence in the 1990s.

Question 46

Card Front: Mac an Ghaill

Question 47

Card Back: Studied male identity and argued there is a “crisis of masculinity” due to economic changes and loss of traditional male jobs.

Question 49

Card Front: Jackson

Question 50

Card Back: Found that working-class boys may form anti-school subcultures (laddish behaviour) to cope with school failure.

Question 52

Card Front: Wilkinson

Question 53

Card Back: Described a “genderquake

Answer 53

” where women’s roles and aspirations have dramatically shifted in post-industrial society.

Question 55

Card Front: Hey

Question 56

Card Back: Showed how girls’ friendships and notes in school reproduced patriarchal expectations.

Question 58

Card Front: Connell

Question 59

Card Back: Identified different forms of masculinity including hegemonic

Answer 59

complicit

Question 61

Card Front: Bourdieu

Question 62

Card Back: Developed the concept of cultural capital – middle-class families pass on advantages that help children succeed in education.