Paper 1

Question 1

Describe the tests for sugars

Answer 1

Add benedicts reagent (which is blue) to a sample and heat in a water bath that is set to 75 degrees, if the test is positive it will form a colour precipitate

Question 2

What is the positive result for a reducing sugar

Answer 2

Brick red

Question 3

How to test for starch

Answer 3

Add iodine solution

Question 4

What is the test for lipids

Answer 4

Shake the test substance with ethanol, pour the solution into water.

Question 5

Positive test for lipids

Answer 5

Milky emulsion

Question 6

Protein test

Answer 6

Add a few drops of potassium hydroxide (to make the solution alkaline.)
Then add copper (II) sulfate solution

Question 7

Positive test for proteins

Answer 7

Purple

Question 8

Negative test for proteins

Answer 8

Blue

Question 9

Describe the experiment to investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity

Question 10

What three things affect rate of reaction

Answer 10

Temperature, pH, Substrate concentration

Question 11

Give an example of how Ciliated epithelial cells are useful in the body

Answer 11

The lining of the airways contains lots of ciliated epithelial cell. These help to move muccs up to the throat so it can be swallowed and not reach the lungs

Question 12

Function of cytoplasm

Answer 12

Gel-like substance where chemical reactions take place, contains enzymes

Question 13

Function of cell membrane

Answer 13

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in or out

Question 14

Name three things that plant cells have that animals dont

Answer 14

Cell wall
Large vacuole
Chloroplasts

Question 15

Function of cell wall

Answer 15

Supports the cell and strengthens it- made of cellulose

Question 16

Function of vacuole

Answer 16

Contains cell sap, maintains internal pressure to support the cell

Question 17

Function of chromosomal DNA

Answer 17

Contol’s the cells activities and replication- floats free in the cytoplasm

Question 18

Function of plasmid DNA

Answer 18

Small loops of extra DNA that aren’t part of the chromosome- contains genes for drug resistane

Question 19

Calorimetry method

Question 20

Definition of active transport

Answer 20

Movement of particles across a membrane against a concentration gradient (From an area of low to high) using energy transferred during respiration

Question 21

Definition of osmosis

Answer 21

High water potential to low water potential

Question 22

Give an example of osmosis

Answer 22

Fish

Question 23

Definition of diffusion

Answer 23

net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 24

Equation for percentage change

Answer 24

Final mass-initial mass/initial mass x 100

Question 25

Describe the experiment to investigate osmosis

Question 26

Draw the structure of the sensory neurone

Question 27

Draw the structure of the motor neurone

Question 28

Draw the structure of the relay neurone

Question 29

Function of the iris

Answer 29

Controls how much light enters the pupil

Question 30

Function of the cornea

Answer 30

refracts light into the eye

Question 31

Function of the lens

Answer 31

refracts light onto the retina

Question 32

How to extract DNA from fruit cells

Question 33

Give three conclusions of Mendel

Answer 33

Characteristics in plants are determined by hereditary units Hereditary units are passed on to offspring unchanged from both parents, one unit from each parent Hereditary units can be dominant or recessive

Question 34

Definition of archaea

Answer 34

Look similar to bacteria- differences in DNA and RNA sequences

Question 35

Definition of Eukarya

Answer 35

Broad range of organisms- fungi, plants, animals, protists

Question 36

Describe the lytic pathway

Question 37

Describe the lysogenic pathway

Question 38

How can quinine be used in medicine

Answer 38

Treatment for malaria

Question 39

How can aspirin be used in medicine

Answer 39

Pain relief, developed from a chemical found in the barks and leaves of willow trees.

Question 40

Give two examples of diagnostic testing in plants

Answer 40

Detecting DNA Detecting antigens

Question 41

How are monoclonal antibodies used to target cancer cells

Answer 41

Cancer cells have proteins called tumour markers In the lab you can make monoclonal antibodies that bind to cancer cells

Question 42

How are monoclonal antibodies used to diagnose Cncer

Answer 42

The antibodies are labelled with a radioactive element The labelled antibodies are given to a patient through a drip Antibodies bind to tumour markers A picture of the patients body is taken using a special camera

Question 43

How are monoclonal antibodies used to target drugs to cancer cells

Answer 43

Anti cancer drug is attached Antibodies are given to patient through drip Antibodies bind to tumour markers Drug kills cancer cells but doesn't kill normal cells

Question 44

Equation for BMI

Answer 44

Mass(KG)/ Height(m) (squared)

Question 45

Equation for waist to hip ratio

Answer 45

Waist (cm) Hip (cm)

Question 46

Why is too much cholesterol bad

Answer 46

Causes fatty deposits to build up in arteries, restricting blood flow, fatty depositis trigger blood clots to form, which blocks blood flow, can cause heart attack or stroke because the heart will be deprived of oxygen

Question 47

Drugs which can reduce risk of heart attack or stroke

Answer 47

Statins- Reduce amount of cholesterol in bloodstream Anticoagulants- drugs which make blooc clots less likely to form Antihyperintesives- Reduce blood presssure

Question 48

Surgical procedures

Answer 48

Stents- keep arteries open, making sure blood can flow Bypass surgery- a piece of healthy vessel can be taken from elsewhere can be used to bypass the blocked section

Question 49

Equation for energy in food

Answer 49

E=M X Temp change X 4.2

Question 50

Energy in each gram of food

Answer 50

J/g= Energy/Mass

Question 51

Function or cerebrum

Answer 51

Intelligence, memory, language, vision

Question 52

Function of Cerebellum

Answer 52

Muscle coordination and balance

Question 53

Function of medulla oblongata

Answer 53

Unconscious Activities like breathing and heart rate