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Biology > Topic 7-Animal coordination, control and homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7-Animal coordination, control and homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

TSH, FSH, LH

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2
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

Thyroxine

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3
Q

What does the adrenal glands secrete?

A

Adrenaline

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4
Q

What does the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone

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5
Q

What does the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen

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6
Q

What effects does adrenaline have on the body?

A

Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart. This causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force, so heart rate and blood pressure increase

This increases blood flow to the muscles, so the cells receive more oxygen and glucose for increased respiration

Adrenaline also binds to receptors in the liver. This causes the liver to breakdown its glycogen stores, to release glucose

This increases the blood glucose level, so there’s more glucose in the blood to be transported to the cells

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7
Q

What does thyroxine regulate?

A

Metabolic rate

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8
Q

What happens when the blood thyroxine levels are too low?

A

The hypothalamus releases TRH
TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH

TSH stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroxine, so the blood thyroxine levels rise back to normal

When the blood thyroxine levels become higher than normal, the release of TRH from the hypothalamus is inhibited, which reduces the production of TSH so the blood thyroxine levels fall

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9
Q

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle and how each of the four hormones interact with each other during these stages?

A

Stage 1: The high levels of FSH stimulate the ovaries to produce oestrogen and the lining of the uterus breaks down and is released

Stage 2: Day 4-14, oestrogen inhibits the release of FSH, so FSH levels decrease. This is an example of negative feedback. Oestrogen stimulates the release of LH.T he uterus lining builds up and becomes thick and spongy

Stage 3: Day 14 -
The egg develops and is released from the ovary. Oestrogen stimulates the release of LH, Which leads to an LH spike and ovulation

Stage 4: The lining is maintained until day 28. If no fertilised egg landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the lining breaks down and the cycle repeats. The levels of Progesterone increase, which inhibits LH and FSH

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10
Q

What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

A

It is released by the pituitary gland and causes a follicle to mature in the ovaries. It stimulates the production of oestrogen

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11
Q

What is the role of LH in the menstrual cycle?

A

It is released by the pituitary gland which stimulates ovulation. It also stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

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12
Q

What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A

It is released by the ovaries and causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow. A high level stimulates LH

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13
Q

What is clomifene therapy?

A

FSH and LH is released into the body, stimulating egg maturation and ovulation. The couple can have intercourse during this time period to improve the chance of becoming pregnant

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14
Q

What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

1) Released by the corpus luterm after ovulation

2)maintains the lining of the uterus

3)Inhibits the release of FSH and LH

4) When the level of progesterone falls, and there’s a low oestrogen level, the uterus lining breaks down

5) A Low progesterone level allows FSH to increase, and the whole cycle starts again

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15
Q

What is the mini-pill?

A

A pill that only contains progesterone

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16
Q

What is the combined pill?

A

A pill that contains both oestrogen and progesterone

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17
Q

What happens if the blood glucose concentration is too high?

A

Pancreas secretes insulin

The insulin makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen or the uptake of glucose in the body cells

Blood glucose concentration is decreased

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18
Q

What happens if the blood glucose concentration is too low?

A

When blood glucose levels fall too low, it’s detected by the pancreas.

This causes the pancreas to release the hormone glucagon into the blood stream.

This hormone then travels around the body, and binds mainly to cells in the liver.

This stimulates those liver cells to break down their stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood.

This extra glucose increases blood glucose levels back up to normal.

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19
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Where the pancreas produces very little or no insulin, a person’s blood glucose can rise to a level that can kill them

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20
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated?

A

An insulin injection into subcutaneous tissue at mealtime

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21
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or the person becomes resistant to insulin (their body cells don’t respond properly to the hormone)

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22
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be treated?

A

Exercising regularly

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23
Q

What is the pattern of progesterone levels during each stage of the menstrual cycle and why?

A

1/2/3) Low, as the uterus lining is being broken down

4) Increases in stage 4 as it maintains the lining of the uterus. If Levels drop, the uterus lining breaks down and the cycle starts again

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24
Q

What is the pattern of oestrogen levels during each stage of the menstrual cycle and why?

A

1) Low in stage one

2) Increases in stage two as oestrogen stimulates the uterus lining to grow

3/4) It falls once the lining has grown

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25
Where are LH and FSH released from?
The pituitary gland
26
What happens when you’re too hot?
Erector muscles lie flat Lots of sweat is produced in sweat glands in the dermis. The sweat is released onto the surface of the skin through pores in the epidermis which evaporates and transfers energy from your skin to the environment Blood vessels close to the surface of the skin widen causing vasodilation. It allows more blood to flow near the surface so it can transfer more energy into the surroundings
27
What happens when you’re too cold?
Erector muscles contract. Hairs stand on end to trap an insulating layer of air Very little sweat is produced Blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict (vasoconstriction). This means less blood flows near the surface, so less energy is transferred to the surroundings You shiver, increasing your rate of respiration which transfers more energy to warm the body
28
How is blood filtered in nephrons?
The glomerulus is capillaries wound into a tight ball, creating high pressure. The small parts of blood such as glucose, ions, and urea are filtered into the Bowman’s capsule with larger molecules such as red blood cells and proteins staying in the blood. As the liquid flows along the nephron, all the glucose, some ions and water are selectively reabsorbed against the concentration gradient using active transport in the proximal convuluted tubule. Water is reabsorbed at the loop of henle Whatever isn’t reabsorbed continues out of the nephron via the collecting duct into the ureter then the bladder as urine. Urine is released through the urethra
29
What is the pattern of LH levels during each stage of the menstrual cycle and why?
1/2) Low 3) High- Ovulation 4) Low
30
How is water content controlled?
In the loop of Henle, if the water concentration is low, the pituitary gland releases ADH which makes the collecting duct more permeable so water is able to be absorbed by the blood. If water concentration is too high, ADH is inhibited which makes the loop of Henle less permeable so water isn’t absorbed by the blood
31
What is IVF?
FSH and LH are given and then eggs are collected from the woman’s ovaries and fertilised in the lab using the man’s sperm. These are then grown into embryos and transferred into the woman’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy
32
What does the pancreas produce?
Insulin, which is used to regulate blood glucose level
33
Describe the difference between neurones and hormones
Neurones: - Very fast Action - Act for a very short time - Act on a very precise area Hormones: - Slower action - Act for a long time - Act in a more general way
34
In what scenarios are neurones used instead of hormones?
If some information needs to be passed to the effectors really quickly
35
Where is the thyroid gland located?
In the neck
36
Where are the adrenal glands?
Sit just on top of the kidneys
37
What gland produces TSH?
The pituitary gland
38
What does TSH do?
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
39
Does thyroxine inhibit or stimulate the production of TSH?
Thyroxine inhibits the production of TSH from the pituitary gland
40
What happens when the blood thyroxine level becomes higher than normal?
The release of TRH from the hypothalamus is inhibits, which reduces the production of TSH, so the blood thyroxine falls
41
How can oestrogen be used as a contraceptive?
Oestrogen can be used to prevent the release of an egg. If oestrogen is taken every day to keep the level of it permanently high, it inhibits the production of FSH, and after a while egg development and production stop.
42
How can progesterone be used as a contraceptive?
It stimulates the production of a thick cervical mucus, which prevents any sperm getting through the entrance to the uterus (the cervix) and reaching the egg
43
How do diaphragms work as contraceptives?
Flexible dome shaped devices that fit over the opening of the uterus and are inserted before sex
44
What are the positives of using hormonal methods as contraception?
Generally, when used correctly, hormonal methods are more effective at preventing pregnancy than barrier methods. Also, hormonal methods mean the couple don't have to stop and think about contraception each time they have intercourse
45
What are the negatives of using hormonal methods as contraception?
Hormonal methods can have unpleasant side effects, such as headaches, acne and mood changes. Hormonal methods don't protect against sexually transmitted infections- condoms are the only form of contraception that do this.
46
Give the definition of homeostasis
Regulation of conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment in response to internal and external conditions
47
What is osmoregulation?
Regulating water content
48
What is thermoregulation
Regulating body temperature
49
How is glucose put into and removed from the blood by conscious human actions?
Eating foods containing carbs puts glucose into the blood from the small intestine. The normal metabolism of cells removes glucose from the blood Vigorous exercise removes much more glucose from the blood Excess glucose can be stored as glycogen in te liver and muscles When these stores are full then the excess glucose is stored as fat in the tissues
50
What is the equation for BMI?
Mass(kg) / Height(m) ^2
51
What is the equation for waist to hip ratio?
Waist (cm)/ Hip(cm)
52
How is the hypothalamus responsible for thermoregulation?
The hypothalamus contains receptors that are sensitive to the blood temperature in the brain. It also receives impules from receptors in the skin that provide information about the external temperature. These receptors are located in the epidermis. When the hypothalamus detects a change it causes a response in the skin
53
Why is regulating water content so important?
To keep cells functioning normally. If the concentration of water in the blood is too high then water will move into the body cells by osmosis. If too much water moves into the cells then the cells may burst If the concentration of water in the blood is too low then water will move out of the cells into the blood by osmosis. This causes the cells to shrink The kidneys help to regulate water content by controlling how much water is reabsorbed and how much is lost in urine
54
What are the three main roles of the kidneys?
- Removal of urea from the blood. Urea is produced in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids - Adjustment of ion levels in the blood - Adjustment of water content in the blood
55
What is the role of ADH?
It makes the collecting ducts more permeable so that more water is reabsorbed back into the blood. This stops the body from becoming dehydrated
56
What happens if the concentration of water in the blood has fallen?
The brain will detect that the blood needs more water, so it will release more ADH. More water will be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts so the water content of the blood will rise
57
What happens if the concentration of water in the blood has risen?
The brain will detect that the blood needs to lose water, so the pituitary gland releases less ADH. Less ADH means that the kidney reabsorbs less water
58
What are the main consquences of kidney failure?
- Waste Substances build up in the blood stream - Unable to regulate water and iron levels
59
How can mild kidney disease be treated?
Medication
60
What are the treatments for kidney failure?
Dialysis Kidney Transplants
61
What are some negatives of dialysis?
Very time consuming, patients have to go into hospital 3-4 days a week It can cause blood clots and infections Expensive to run
62
What are the risks of a kidney transplant?
- Rejection- (organ is attacked by patients immune system)
63
How does a dialysis filter work?
A dialysis machine can be used to filter their blood for them Dialysis fluid has the same concentration of salts and glucose as blood plasma (which means those aren't removed from the blood) The selectively permeable barrier is permeable to things like ions and waste substances, but not big molecules like proteins. So the waste substances move across the membrane into the dialysis fluid.
64
How are animals living in drought conditions adapted?
They have longer loops of Henle to reabsorb more water
65
What happens if too much insulin is injected?
It results in a dangerously low blood glucose level
66
What is the fancy term for the lining of the uterus?
The endometrium
67
What are the effects of an underactive thyroid gland?
Weight gain, less thyroxine is produced, so metabolic rate drops. This means that less of the glucose you take in gets broken down in respiration, so more is stored as fat
68
What are the key structures in the urinary system?
Renal Vein Renal artery Left Kidney Right kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra

Biology (8 decks)

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