Paper 1 AO1 Flashcards
(41 cards)
Role of father
Role has changed from traditional role of just providing resources
-Some argue that men are not biologically equipped to form attachments as they lack oestrogen
- Some argue fathers role is as playmate
-Soke do believe fathers can demonstrate sensitive responses and respond to children’s needs
Types and explanations of conformity
Types:
- Compliance ( Go along with group to gain approval but includes no change in internal views)
- Identification ( Accepts views of group because they want to be associated with group)
- Internalisation ( When you go along with group because of acceptance of the views internally)
Explanations : -Normative social influence ( Individuals go along with majority due to desire to be liked and have a fear of rejection)
- Informational ( People accept majority viewpoint because they expect it to be right and they assume others know more than them)
Variables affecting conformity
- Group size ( Asch found little conformity rate with majority of 1 or 2 but this rose to 30 percent above 2 )
-Unamity of majority ( when one confederate gave the correct answer conformity dropped to 5.5 percent) - Difficulty of task ( When the line differences were smaller conformity increased)
Conformity to social roles
Zimbardo prison experiment:
- Mock prison set up at Stanford with pps split into groups of guards and prisoners with zimbardo as
warden
- Prisoners given ids which is how they were referred too
-Guards wore uniforms which included sunglasses
Findings: - Bith groups conformed to roles even when they weren’t aware they being watched
-Guards grew abusive to prisoners
- 5 prisoners had to leave early due to faced abuse and at 6 day mark study was forcefully stopped.
Research into obedience
Milgram: - Pps known as teachers while confederate learners - Learner stopped responding at 315 volts but pp was still urged to continue.
-Found all pps went to atleast 300
- 65 percent went all the way to max shock level of 450
Factors effecting obedience:
- Proximity ( When learner was in same room levels. Dropped to 40 percent)
-Location ( when study moved from Yale to run down office obedience dropped to 48 percent)
-Power of
Uniform( Lab coat influenced obedience)
Explanations for obedience
Agentic state- Person when in this state doesn’t see themselves as responsible for own actions but instead an authority figure
- Agentic shift can occur under circumstances from autonomous state too Agentic state
- can be kept in Agentic state by binding factors like the fear of appearing rude
Legitmacy of authority:
- Legitimate authority figures are usually obeyed by people due to there perceived positions in society
- People accept statements from a LAF like in Milgrams study
- Usalyy LAFs represent an institution like in Milgrams study at Yale.
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Authoritarian personality
- Adorno developed F scale to measure components that made up authoritarian personality
- on the scale agreeing with statements like respect for authority is the most important thing a child should learn indicated authoritarian personality
- found that people who scored high on f scale grew up in obedience centered family.
-In a follow up to milgrams study 40 pps were taken from the study 20 being obedient and 20 being disobedient they then all completed the f scale
-Found higher authoritarianism among obedient pps
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Social support
-When the person has assistance from others in the group
- Makes easier to remain independent as the pressures are reduced with the unamity of the majority broken
-The disobedient peers act as role models to follow
Locus of control
- A persons perception of personal control of their own behaviour
- internal locus of control people believe that what happens to them is result of their own ability and effort which makes them less vulnerable to social influence
- external locus of control people believe what happens to them is determined by external factors out of their control which makes them more susceptible to social influence.
Explanations for minority influence
Consistency- if minority continuously carry on their arguments then others consider the issue as there must be a reason why the minority keep arguing it
Commitment- Minority adopting full commitment suggest how confident they are in their arguments so they may me taken seriously
Flexibility- Can be more effective at changing majority opinion as they bring negotiations instead of rigidity which makes the majority give them more time.
Research into minority influence
Six people asked to view a set of 36 blue-coloured slides that varied in intensity, and state whether they were blue or green
In each group, 2 confederates would consistently say the slides are green on 2/3 of the trials
The PPs gave the same wrong answer on 8.42% of trials, 32% gave the same answer as the minority on at least one trial
A second group of PPs were exposed to inconsistent minority and agreement fell to 1.25%
For the third control group there were no confederates and all PPs had to do was identify the colour of the slide – they got it wrong on just 0.25% of the trials
Explanations for social change
Social change though minority influence:
1.Drawing attention
2.Cognitive conflict
3.Consistency
4.Augmentation principle
5.Snowball effect
Social change through majority influence :
-Social norms interventions are programmes which target misperceptions about social norms to bring about behavioural change.
Nature of memory
Capacity:
- STM has capacity or 7+/-2 according to miller. Miller also noted people can recall five words just as easily as 5 letters through chunking.
-LTM has potentially infinite capacity
Duration:
-STM has duration of 18 seconds according to Peterson and Peterson constanant syllable study
- LTM has potential infinite duration as seen in former class mate study
Coding:
STM encoded acoustically
LTM encoded semantically as meaning is attached.
Multi store model
-Sensory memory( Recieves information from 5 senses and has very large capacity but very small duration)
- STM ( if attention is paid to sensory information then it’s passed to STM which has a small duration of 18 seconds and a limited capacity)
-LTM( if maintenance rehearsal occurs then info is passed from STM to LTM which has potentially unlimited in duration and capacity. It can then be returned to the STM through retrieval.
Working memory model
- suggest STM has multiple different stores:
- Central executive ( directs attention to particular tasks by allocating brains resources to one of the three slave systems)
-Phonological loop( deals with auditory info) - Visuo spatial sketchpad ( storage of visual and spatial info)
- Episodic buffer ( general store for both types of information)
Types of LTM
-Episodic memory ( concerned with personal experience and unique specific memories which include emotions felt at event)
- Semantic memories( related to knowledge about world which are shared by everyone e.g the function of objects)
-Procedural memories ( Skills and knowing how to do things such as riding a bike)
Interference
Retroactive interference- new memories interfering with previously learned material - identified in study where pps given an intervening task in between learning syllables who then had worse recall than those without the task.
Proactive interference- When past memories interfere with new attempts to learn something - demonstrated by rugby study
Retrieval failure
- Cues important for remembering so lack of these cues leads to retrieval failure
- Context dependent forgetting : -It is easier to remember things when in the same context as when they were learnt - shown in diver study where divers learnt word list on land or water then tried to recall it later on land or water . - found that recall highest when the context matched for learning and testing.
State dependent forgetting:
- Recall greater when your physical / psychological state is the same at encoding and retrieval- demonstrated in study where drunk and sober people had to remember list of words and then recall later either drunk or sober - recall best when in same state even when drunk it was better to test drunk if you learnt drunk
Misleading information
- Post event discussion( people memory of event is altered after discussing with others which is seen in Gabbert study who found 71% of pps added wrong info from a video after discussion.)
-Repeat interviewing
( interviewer comments end up in eyewitness memory) - Leading question as seen in loftus study :
- pps shown traffic accident clips and were then asked how fast the car was going but including different verbs for describing the crash from contacted to smashed.
- found pps who were asked ‘smashed’ estimated 40mph while contacted group estimated 30mph.
Anxiety
-Anxiety negative effect on memory:
- Pen vs knife study where low anxiety pen condition had 49 percent accurate identification compared to high anxiety knife condition 33 percent
Anxiety has positive effect on memory:
- Interview of witness to real robberies found that witness closest to the shooting had the best recall of events.
Cognitive interview
-Mental reinstatement or context
-Report everything
-Change order
-Change perspective
Caregiver infant interactions
Reciprocity: - Refers to where actions of the caregiver elicit a response from the infant in a sort of conversation
-Important precursor to later communication
-Infant signals allow caregiver to anticipate behaviour
Interactional synchrony:
-refers to infant and caregiver mirroring facial and body movements
-Meltzoff and Moore discovered interactional synchrony in babies as young as three days old
Stages of attachment
Schaffer and Emerson carried out study on infants in Glasgow and found 4 stages of attachment
Stage1- Indiscriminate attachment ( similar responses to all objects)
Stage 2 - beginnings of attachment ( become more social preferring human company to inanimate objects but don’t show stranger anxiety)
Stage 3- Discriminate attachment ( begin to show separation anxiety when separated from primary attach figure and show joy on reunion)
Stage 4- Multiple attachments ( Infant develops a wider circle of secondary attachments)
Animal studies
Lorenz gosling study
Harlow monkey study
