Paper 1: Development Dynamics Flashcards

Question

What problems are associated with corruption preventing development?

Answer 1

One problem with trying to achieve economic development related to the system of governance and corruption. The corruption percentage index was devised to help investors work out where their money is safe. In corrupt countries invested money is often used to bribe officials or purchase weapons.

Answer 2

Malawi has the world most youthful population of any country. In 2015 47% of Malawi’s population aged 0-14 this is 8.2 million out of 17.4 million. The median age was 16. Young people dominate their population structure. This tells us a lot about a countries development. The demographic data shows is the same as most poor countries.

Answer 3

Demographic data: all data linked to population. e.g birth/death rate. Population structure: the number of each sex in each age group.

Answer 4

Development brings change. As countries develop GDP per capita increases. This increased wealth means more money to spend on: Health, education and piped water. Every demographic indicator changes. Rapidly falling death rates at common in developing countries.

Answer 5

Birth and death rates, dependency ratios, fertility rates, infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rates all decrease/fall. Life expectancy, years of schooling, and literacy rates all increase.

Answer 6

``` Birth rate Death rate Fertility rate Infant mortality Life expectancy Maternal mortality Dependency ratio ```

Answer 7

Skilled health workers only attend 20% of the births so maternal mortality is high. Babies of unhealthy mothers are more likely to die in the first five years.

Answer 8

Primary education is free in Malawi, but there are few state secondary schools - most charge fees which subsistence families can’t afford. In rural areas most girls marry at 13-14 and have their first child soon after, so Malawi has a high fertility rate. This is caused by poverty.

Answer 9

In developed countries such as the UK educated women are more likely to develop careers, marry and have children later and the rates tumble. The same happens in Malawi among female professionals. As countries develop the lives of most people improve.

Answer 10

A group of wealthy countries in North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australasia. (Most were in the northern hemisphere called ‘Global North’) these were the world HIC’s. A second group of poorer countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Most were in the Southern Hemisphere called ‘Global South’. These are LICs.

Answer 11

They are ranked in 5 quintiles. 1-46 consists of the worlds richest countries. The top quintile - the richest 1/5 owns 83% of the worlds wealth. The bottom two quintiles - 40% own just 2%.

Answer 12

- worlds wealth is unevenly shared so there is a gap. - does not take into account population of a country. - some countries have now developed more. - not all parts of a country are poor or rich. - does not include the BRICs. - does not take into account countries in the middle.

Answer 13

It landlocked - Malawi has no coast so has to travel to the nearest coast to import and export goods which is long and expensive. Rural isolation - 85% of Malawi’s population is rural. Living with a changing climate - water shortages as temperatures rise (increased evaporation) food shortages caused by variable rainfall and increased draught. Increased pollution - economic growth had led to urban growth in industrial areas.

Answer 14

- it terms of trade and its debt. - the tea and coffee trade. - global trade and the world trade organisation

Answer 15

Value of exports relative to that of its imports.

Answer 16

That value of Malawi’s exports every years is less than its imports so every year it earns less than it spends. It’s terms of trades are stacked against it. Exporting more would help. One reason for this is Malawi is Malawi is exporting raw materials.

Answer 17

Plantations still remain under Britain’s ownership by large TNCs such as PG Tips. These employ local landless labourers for extra income. The get paid 1p per kg they pick however they also get housing, water, for wood and daily lunch.

Answer 18

The WTO works to get rid of tariffs-added prices to goods to make them more expensive. It doesn’t always work. Malawi export raw coffee beans instead of roasting them which would get them a higher price.

Answer 19

A global organisation which aims to make trade with countries easier. It tries to help developed wealthier countries trade with developing countries so they can increase wealth, jobs and investment.

Answer 20

- large cooperations are taking over $900,000,000 out of poor countries to avoid taxes by tax mis pricing. - the richest 300 people have more money than the poorest 3,000,000,000 people. - 80% of the world barley have any wealth while the richest 2% have 1/2 worlds wealth. Top 1% have 43% - altogether $2 trillion go from rich to poor.

Answer 21

The core represents the developed powerful nations of the world. The periphery consists of ‘other’ areas which produce which produce raw materials to sell to the core.

Answer 22

The way in which countries become increasingly collected to each other.

Answer 23

``` Economic inter-dependence between countries (borders less important) Increasing trade Increase spread of technology Outsourcing Culture ```

Answer 24

Unrestricted flow of money from one country to another

Answer 25

Goods could be made more cheaply there; Chinese wages were 90%lower than the USA and Europe.

Answer 26

TNCs could manufacture goods cheaply, then export them. The result was a huge growth in Chinese exports. It caused by a global shift - changing where manufactured goods were made from developed to developing countries.

Answer 27

Two economists produced a theory/model that explains changes employment structure as countries develop their economies. A-low income countries- whose employment is dominated by the primary sector B -middle income countries are dominated by the secondary sector (manufacturing). As economies develop incomes rise the demand for manage turned goods increase C- high income countries are dominated by the tertiary and quaternary sectors. As incomes rise the tertiary sector develops further.

Answer 28

Economically, money has been invested in countries to turn raw materials into manufactured goods. Socially it means workers moving from rural areas to urban areas as this is where factories are and urban wages are higher than rural. Vietnam also benefits from globalisation

Answer 29

It is predictors by 2050 it will have the worlds second largest economy. From 1997 it has increased by 7% in comparison to the UK-2% each year. However since 2015 slowed down to 5.5% each year. It means the economy had quadrupled since 1997.

Answer 30

It is in Southern Asia class to China and near south Eastern Asia containing over half the worlds population meaning a huge consumer market for goods and services as well as cheap labour. It has a coastline to transport and import goods via its ports and is between Middle East and south east Asia which are the world fastest growing regions.

Answer 31

The worlds second largest populations. 1.wt billion by 2022 it will have overtaken China to become the 1st. The worlds 4th and 5th largest cities: Mumbai -16 million and Kolkata - 15 million. Some of the worlds worst urban slums housing 40 million people.

Answer 32

Worlds largest democracy 672 million people were registered to vote. Growing global influence. On elf the founding members of the UN, takes part in peace keeping missions and offer the 2nd largest number of troops

Answer 33

Birth place of 4 world religions- Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism It diverse. 78% of population practise Hinduism, 15% Islam, 2.5% Christianity and 2% Sikhism The worlds most ancient cultures with Hinduism tracing back over 5000 years.

Answer 34

Richest biodiversity. While elephants and tigers are commonly known it has 6% of the worlds plants and bird species. But economic growth is threatening them. Worst environmental problems, with air and water pollution it is the world 3rd greatest emitter of green house gases.

Answer 35

Massive increase in exports - up almost 20x in 23 years. Increase in output measured by GDP. A 500% increase in GDP per capita. Reduced unemployment and poverty.

Answer 36

India’s globalised economy began in 1991 when a programme of ‘economic liberalisation’ began. Before this the government decided which industries produced what and where. Liberalisation changed it to a consumer market.

Answer 37

Where investment products make the most profits. What people will buy based on demand Where goods can be made cheaply.

Answer 38

Shipping transports 90% of goods traded between countries and are becoming larger. A ship only needs one crew.

Answer 39

The UK imports textiles, clothing and footwear from India. These arrive in containers on ships and are easy and quicker to transport, load and unload.

Answer 40

Air transport is more expensive so o let transports 0.2% of Britain’s imports by air but this makes up 15% of the value. Imports from India via air are 70x more value (fresh fruit, jewellery) than shipping.

Answer 41

Because of TNCs many young people leave their rural villages for manufacturing jobs and service jobs in the IT sector. Fewer people work on Farms. They get paid about $5000 a year 4x the average Indian salary.

Answer 42

A high proportion of its qualified population speak English. Also the time difference means form India you can travel to the UK, other Indian cities or the Middle East in a day and back making business easy. It also means TNCs can operate 24 hours due to the 9 hour time difference in the UK and India.

Answer 43

Call centres: most Indian call centre employees are graduates earning $3000 a year (20% of what BT pays in the UK) Company administration: accounting Software development: universities such as Bangalore provide technically qualified graduates who enable BT to develop and support its broadband product out of India.

Answer 44

In 1990 25% of India’s population was Urban - 200 million people. By 2015 this had risen to 33% -400 million. This change is due to the increased jobs which has led to the rural-urban migration.

Answer 45

Urban expansion: particularly the construction of new apartments for single professionals. For educated women later marriage and fewer children. Birth and fertility rates fall. Population structure: change with reduced younger age groups and a lower dependency ratio. Social customs: change especially in cities. It traditional rural cities the Hindu Cast system determines a persons status (and job) and person is only allowed to marry within their caste. In cities away from their families, there are free to marry outside their caste.

Answer 46

India’s infant mortality rate had fallen over 50% since 1991 due to: Increased access to safe drinking water as water Bourne diseases are the biggest child killer. Rapid expansion of hospitals in rural areas.

Answer 47

India’s middle class consists of IT managers, university lecturers or well paid IT workers. There will be 200 million middle class people by 2020 who befit form good salaries and job opportunities. But these leave 1 billion who are not well paid or have low paid jobs.

Answer 48

In 1991 India government allowed large TNCs to set up factories, taking advantages of low wages. By 2015 clothing was India’s largest Manufacturing industry employing 80 million people and earned $30 billion in GDP. For TNCs in India minimum wage is 87%lower than the UK and many clothing companies don’t even pay this much.

Answer 49

- poverty is wide spread in India. There’s no shortage of people willing to work a 100 hours a week in factories for an average of £35 including overtime. - most textile jobs are unskilled and there’s no equal pay agreement so 70% of employees are young women on lowest pay. Most sweatshops discriminate against older women returning to work after raising children.

Answer 50

It economic growth is concentrated in urban cities. People migrate to cities and spend money on housing and services, which creates jobs. This develops the core region but other rhinos don’t receive the same effect. Environment problems are caused with rapid economic growth.

Answer 51

The Maharashtra. India’s wealth is unequally shared. This has the by far the biggest GDP and is an economic power house for the whole country. It contains it largest city Mumbai.

Answer 52

-Service industry: e.g banking, IT, call centres -manufacturing: half of Mumbai’s factory workers make clothing. Others include food, steel engineering -Port- second largest in the country -Construction: this is a booming industry, building factories and offices. -entertainment: Mumbai hosts the worlds largest film industry. - Bollywood

Answer 53

Bihar receives little investment and is distant from cities. Although the GDP is above average it has to be shared between 100 million people. So it’s GDP per capita makes it India’s poorest state. Because: -86% of this population is rural. Many are subsistence farmers stuck in the cycle of poverty. -1/2 of its house holds earn less than 80p a day 80% work in low skilled jobs. People cannot affords basic services.

Answer 54

Those in higher castes are literate, where as those in the lowest castes are mostly illiterate. It’s difficult to marry outside your caste so poor state poor.

Answer 55

School attendance is low. Only 1/3 of children complete primary school and 2% reach years 12 and 13. The overall literacy rate in Bihar is 47%. Women are poorest and have the lowest literacy rates 33%. They rarely own land and most are low waged labourers.

Answer 56

Water pollution: from poorly managed garbage and waste removal services (much consumer waste dumped in rivers) poor street drainage and cremations near rivers and lack of sewage treatment. Air pollution: caused by public transport, urban traffic and emissions from coal fires power stations even in rural areas burning fire wood and fired waste from live stock add to emission of GHG. Loss of biodiversity: land degeneration, as more land is needed for food, cities and industry.

Answer 57

Agriculture (harvesting raw materials) e.g: - framing - fishing - forestry - mining

Answer 58

Manufacturing (making something). E.g | -Working in factories

Answer 59

(Serving/services) e.g: - teacher - lawyer - Doctor - office staff

Answer 60

People who work with complicated technology. E.g: - scientific research - IT sector (software development) - AI - Animators

Answer 61

- GDP per capita. | - a countries overall GDP.

Answer 62

- number of people per doctor. - number of hospital beds - % of population that have access to safe drinking water. - literacy rate

Answer 63

- laws | - what kind of government control the country or state (communist or capitalist)

Answer 64

Uses a scale from 0-10 (0 very corrupt, 10 honest) to rank how stable a government is).

Answer 65

Because if just one factor is measured you don’t know if a country lacks in other things. E.g measuring the economic factors like GDP per capita show how wealthy a country is but is you don’t measure the social factors like access to safe drinking water, it may actually be very low suggesting the country isn’t very developed.

Answer 66

The higher the mortality rate is shows that the health care is good and the child’s family have enough money to take care of them and to provide a nutritious balanced diet, health care, clothes (etc).

Answer 67

In Malawi the health care is worse due to the lower standard if eduction they have. This means they have a higher number of people per doctor. Whereas, in the UK the healthcare is better as the country is more developed. Furthermore, there is more poverty in Malawi than in the UK. This means people in the UK have a better standard of living as they have a balanced, healthy diet with nutrients and can afford things like gym memberships to exercise regularly. In Malawi they don’t have this so suffer from malnutrition.

Answer 68

- GDP - poverty line - measure of inequality (percentage of GDP owned by wealthiest 10% of the population and poorest 10%).

Answer 69

Means a countries wealth (measured by its GDP) and its political and social progress (e.g education, healthcare or democratic process in which everyone can vote freely).

Answer 70

Countries like Brazil and Chile started to export large reserves of raw materials (e.g iron ore)which encouraged investment and growth. Their cities experienced bu increases in population.

Answer 71

Relocation of manufacturing overseas by US and European TNCs and Labour was cheaper here. Their economies rapidly grew and they backed known as the ‘Asia Tigers’. Their economies doubled in size between 1988-96. Most of this region (is located in the south-east) and is now classed as Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs).

Answer 72

Export value: $1.3 billion Import value: $2.5 billion Debt total: $1.729 billion

Answer 73

Agricultural. 80% of its population work in farming and the country still depends on cash crops for exports. These are known as commodities and farmers find it tough because gland prices are constantly changing.