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Paper 1-Skeletal System Etc Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 5 functions of the skeleton

A

1) shape/support
2) movement
3) protection
4) minerals storage
5) making blood cells

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2
Q

Name the four types of bones and there function

A

Long-generate strength and speed and movement

Short-shock absorption

Flat-protect vital organs

Irregular-shape and protection

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3
Q

Name the 7 parts of a synovial joint and there function

A

1) synovial membrane-secretes synovial fluid.
2) synovial fluid-provides lubrication.
3) tendon-attaches muscle to bone
4) ligament-attaches bone to bone
5) bursae-sack of fluid, reduces friction.
6) cartilage-prevents bones rubbing together/friction.
7) joint capsule-supports the joint and encloses.

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of synovial joints and what movement is possible at the joint.

A

Ball and socket-moves in all directions flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,rotation.

Hinge joint-flexion,extension. Only moves in two directions.

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5
Q

What are the 7 Movements at the synovial joint.

A

Flexion-decrease in angle of bones at the joint.
Extension-increase in angle of bones at the joint.
Abduction-movement away from the midline of the body.
Adduction-movement towards the midline of the body.
Rotation-movement around an axis.
Dorsi flexion-pointing the toes up at the ankle.
Plantar flexion-pointing the toes at the ankle.

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6
Q

In a knee joint name the type of joint and the range of movements possible at the joint.

A

Hinge joint

Flexion,extension

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7
Q

In a shoulder joint what type of joint is it and what movement is possible at the joint.

A

Ball and socket

Flexion,extension,abduction,adduction,rotation

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8
Q

At the elbow joint what type of joint is it and what movements are possible at the joint

A

Hinge joint

Flexion,extension

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9
Q

At the hip joint what type of joint is it and what type of movement is possible at the joint

A

Ball and socket

Flexion,extension,abduction,adduction,rotation

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10
Q

At the ankle joint what type of joint is it and what movement is possible at the joint

A

Hinge

Plantar flexion,dorsi flexion

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11
Q

What’s the agonist

A

The prime mover,muscle responsible for the movement

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12
Q

What is the antagonist

A

Acts to produce the opposite action the agonist

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13
Q

At elbow extension what’s the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = tricep

Antagonist = bicep

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14
Q

At elbow flexion what is the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = bicep

Antagonist = tricep

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15
Q

At knee flexion what is the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = hamstrings

Antagonist = quadriceps

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16
Q

At knee extension what’s the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = quadriceps

Antagonist = hamstrings

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17
Q

At ankle plantar flexion what’s the agonist and antagonist

A

Agonist = gastrocnemius

Antagonist = tibialis anterior

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18
Q

At the ankle dorsi flexion what’s the agonist or antagonist

A

Agonist = tibialis anterior

Antagonist = gastrocnemius

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19
Q

Name the four muscle contractions and what it does

A

Isometric- length of the muscle doesn’t alter

Isotonic- results in limb movement

Concentric-shortening the muscle

Eccentric-lengthening the muscle

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20
Q

What do the red blood cells do

A

Carrys oxygen around the body

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21
Q

What does the white blood cell do

A

Fight bacteria and infection

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22
Q

What do platelets do

A

Form a scab within minutes

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23
Q

What does plasma do

A

Transports e.g. Carries protein in blood

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24
Q

What are the top two chambers called of the heart

A

Atria
Left atrium and right atrium.

(Left is always on the right) opposites.

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25
What do the bottom two chambers of the heart do
Ventricles Right ventricle and left ventricle (Again opposite)
26
What do valves do
Prevent back flow
27
What is on the bottom of the ventricles and top
Top - superior vena cava Bottom- inferior vena cava
28
What is on the bottom (middle) and top of the atria and what's the final part of the heart called
Bottom (middle) - pulmonary veins Top- pulmonary artery Aorta
29
Define cardiac cycle
The process of the heart going thorough the stages of systole and diastole in the atria and ventricles
30
Define heart rate
The amount of times the heat beats per minute
31
Define stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction
32
Define cardiac output
The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute
33
What's the structure of that artery and it's function
Thick elastic walls- blood flows under high pressure. Small circumference- transports blood away from the heat No valves- transports oxygenated blood
34
What's the structure of the vein and it's functions
Thin walls- blood flows under low pressure Large circumference- transports blood to the heart Valves-prevents back-flow, transports deoxygenated blood
35
What's the structure of the capillary and it's function
Thin walls- allows for gas exchange Small circumference- blood flows under medium pressure No valves- connects arteries to veins
36
Explain what vascular shunt is
- vasodilation widens arteries so more oxygen filled blood can get to the working muscles - vasoconstriction narrows arteries so blood to the brain etc gets less to allow more blood to working muscles
37
Define haemoglobin
Attach to oxygen or carbon dioxide to transport it
38
How does gas exchange occur
Inhaled air has high concentration of oxygen Deoxygenated blood has low concentration of oxygen Oxygen moves from high to low concentration
39
What are the features of the alveoli that assist gas exchange
- high to low concentration - thin walls (easy for gas to pass through) - large surface area - large blood supply - many capillaries - short diffusion pathway
40
What's the pathway of air
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
41
How does air enter the lungs
Ribs move up diagram moves down Lung volume increase Air from high to low
42
How air exits the lungs (exhalation)
Ribs move down and in diagram moves up and lungs empty
43
Define tidal volume
The volume of air inspired or expired per breath
44
Define inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be breathed in after tidal volume
45
Define expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be breathed out after tidal volume
46
Define residual volume
The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration
47
Name the features of aerobic exercise
- with oxygen - long duration - medium intensity - e.g. Marathon run - glucose+oxygen =water+energy+carbon dioxide
48
Name the features of anaerobic exercise
- without oxygen - high intensity - short duration - e.g. sprint - glucose =lactic acid+energy
49
What's a high jump in terms of aerobic and anaerobic
``` Anaerobic Without oxygen High intensity Short duration Glucose=energy+lactic acid ```
50
What are the four methods of recovery
Ice bath - to reduce lactic acid + improve blood flow Massage - Prevent DOMS Diet - rehydrate water lost from sweating and replace glycogen lost Cool down - heart rate + breathing rate down slowly and remove lactic acid
51
Define DOMS
Delayed onset of muscles soreness
52
Define EPOC
Excess post exercise oxygen consumption
53
Name 3 immediate effects of exercise
- sweaty and hot face - increased heart rate - increased body temperature
54
Name 3 short term effects of exercise
- DOMS - fatigue - nausea
55
Name 3 long term effects of exercise
- body shape change - bradycardia - hypertrophy
56
Define hypertrophy
Enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by a muscle being trained
57
Define bradycardia
Lower resting heart rate due to training
58
How do we remember levers
1,2,3,F,L,E
59
Define effort
Force required to move the load
60
Define load
The weight the lever must move
61
Define fulcrum
The axis
62
Define lever
A rigid bar that turns about an axis to create movement
63
What mechanical advantage does a second class lever have
High mechanical advantage
64
What mechanical advantage does a third class lever have
Low mechanical advantage
65
In terms of mechanical advantage what's a first class lever
High mechanical advantage if the fulcrum is closer to the load. Low mechanical advantage if fulcrum closer to effort
66
Define plane
An imaginary line that splits the body in two and depicts the direction of movement
67
Define axis
An imaginary straight line through the body around which it rotates
68
What are the 3 planes
Frontal, transverse, sagittal
69
What are the 3 axis
Sagittal,transverse,longitudinal
70
What's an example of a frontal and sagittal axis
Cartwheel
71
What's an example is transverse planes and longitudinal axis
Discus spin
72
Give an example if sagittal and transverse axis
Somersault
73
Name the two bones that form the shoulder joint
Humorous and scapula
74
Name the bones that form the knee joint
Tibia and femur
75
Name the bones that form the elbow joint
Humorous ulna and radius
76
Name the bones that form the ankle joint
Talus, tibia and fibula
77
Name the muscles that cause movement at the knee joint
Quadriceps and hamstrings
78
Name the muscles that cause movement at the ankles
Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
79
Describe the route taken by deoxygenated blood from when it enters the heart till oxygenated
Enters the right atrium through vena cava then enters the right ventricle and goes out the heart via the pulmonary artery where gas exchange occurs
80
Describe the route taken by oxygenated blood from when it becomes oxygenated until leaving the heart
Comes from lungs along the pulmonary vein and enters left atrium then goes int left ventricle and then leaves through aorta
81
State relationship between cardiac output stroke volume and heart rate
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
82
Name the muscles that cause inspiration at rest
Diaphragm and intercostals

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