Paper 2-pyschology Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Define skill
A
A learned action/behaviour with the intention of bringing about a pre-determined results with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of time and energy
2
Q
Define abilities
A
Inherited from your parents, abilities are stable traits that determine an individuals potential to learn or acquire skills
3
Q
List the four continuum scales
A
Basic to complex
Open to closed
Self paced to externally paced
Gross to fine
4
Q
What are the features of a basic skill
A
Few decisions to be made
Few decisions affect the success of the movement
Tend to be taught as a beginner
Learned fairly quickly
E.g. walking is a very basic skill
5
Q
What are the features of a complex skill
A
Complex decision making
Lots of decisions to be made in order to be successful
Tend to be taught after experiencing success in basic skills
Can take considerable amount of time to master
E.g. back somersault with half twist is complex
6
Q
What are the features of an open skill
A
Unstable environment
The way you do the skills is affected by the people around you
You may decide to do the skill differently to normal because of the environment
Skill is often externally paced
E.g. shooting during a game of football in open play is far more open than taking a penalty
7
Q
What are the features of a closed skill
A
Stable environment
The way you do the skill is not affected by the people around you
You will not change how you do the skill. It is done the same way every time as there are no factors/people within the environment to affect how you do it
Skill is typically self paced
E.g. shooting from a penalty in football
8
Q
What are the features of a self paced skill
A
The start of the movement is controlled by the performer
The speed, pace or rage of the movement is controlled by the performer
E.g. taking a free kick in football
9
Q
What are the features of an externally paced skill
A
The start of the movement is controlled by external factors
The speed, pace or rate of the movement is controlled by external factors
E.g. taking a shot in football from open play
10
Q
What are the features of a gross skill
A
Involves big movements of the body
Involves large muscle groups
Movements tend not to rely on accuracy and precision
E.g. a rugby tackle
11
Q
What are the features of a fine skill
A
Involves small, precise movements
Involves the use of small muscle groups
Movements tend to involve precision and accuracy
E.g. throwing a dart
12
Q
What is basic information processing
A
An elite athlete will processes the information more quickly than a beginner and will prioritise the information that’s most important.
So a beginner in football will think about every pass there playing and where it’s going where as an elite athlete will be thinking about the power on the pass the type of pass etc
This can sometimes lead to elites making basic errors as there already thinking ahead
13
Q
Define information processing
A
Making decisions. Gathering data from the display (senses), prioritising the most important stimuli to make a suitable decision
14
Q
What are the 4 stages of the basic information processing model and in order
A
Input
Decision making
Output
Feedback
15
Q
Describe the input process in the processing model
A
Performer takes in information from the environment/display e.g. what they can hear and see
They choose what is the most relevant piece of information to them at that time
E.g. sight when watching a cricket ball flying through the air. This is called selective attention
16
Q
Describe the process of decision making in the processing model
A
Performer selects an appropriate response (movement/skill) from memory
The short term memory is the working memory. Information from the display that has been attended to is held in the short term memory for a short time.
The long term memory holds info that has been rehearsed and stored. So relevant memory is compared to info in short term memory so that suitable decision made
E.g. the cricketer recalls memory of a previous catch (ltm) and compares to what currently seeing (stm) so decision to catch takes place
17
Q
Describe the process of output in the processing model
A
Decision is sent to appropriate muscles to carry out response
E.g. impulses sent to arms and hands to start appropriate muscular movements for catch to take place
18
Q
Describe the process of feedback in process model
A
Information is received via themselves (intrinsic) and from others (extrinsic) regarding the success of not of the action
Feedback may affect how you complete skill in future
E.g. feel the ball in your hand (intrinsic) and crowd cheering when you catch it (extrinsic)
19
Q
What are the two types of goals
A
Performance goals
Outcome goals
20
Q
Why do we need goals
A
Goals are used to provide motivation or to improve performance
Goal setting gives performers a target to aspire to and helps to prepare performers both physically and mentally
21
Q
Define performance goal
A
Personal standards to be achieved. The performer compared their performance against what they have already done or suggests what they are going to do.
No comparison with other performers
22
Q
Define outcome goals
A
Focus on end result for example winning
23
Q
Which type of goal would be better suited to a beginner? Why?
A
Performance goals best for beginners
Outcome goals may rely on factors out of their control e.g. how good the opposition is
Outcome goals can demotivate if you don’t succeed e.g. winning may be unrealistic
Beginners should concentrate on their own performance e.g. touch the ball 10 times in a game
24
Q
Which type of goal is best suited to an elite athlete. Why?
A
Elite athletes are usually driven by winning so outcome goals such as a trophy of medal
The very best can persist even when they fail and become more determined (don’t get demotivated)
25
What should a performance and outcome goal be for a beginner playing a more experienced player in badminton
Performance goal: to hit the shuttle more consistently than last game
Outcome goals: to score a point
26
What should the performance and outcome goal be for an elite javelins thrower performing at the olympics
Performance goal: to beat their personal best throw
Outcome goal: to win gold
27
What are the 5 parts of smart targets
S-specific
M-measurable
A-accepted
R-realistic
T-time bound
28
Explain the S in smart target
Must be specific to the demand of the sport/muscles used/movements involved
E.g. I want to improve my cardiovascular endurance to improve my time for a half marathon by 2 minutes
29
Explain the M in smart targets
It must be possible to measure whether it’s been achieved
E.g. I will compare my time form my first race to the time in the next race. 2 minute improvement
30
Explain the A in smart targets
It must be accepted by the performer and the performers coach
E.g. I accept this is a short term target
31
Explain the R in smart targets
It must be actually possible to complete the goal, that the person is physically capable of
E.g. knocking 2 mins off my time is a realistic target for my ability level if I train hard between races
32
Explain the T in smart targets
It must be set over a fixed period of time
E.g. my next race is in 6 weeks
33
What are the 6 types of feedback
Positive and negative
Knowledge of results and knowledge of performance
Extrinsic and intrinsic
34
Explain positive feedback
Used to inform the athlete what was correct about the movement.
Performers need to know if a movement is correct as this provides a reference point for future attempts at the movement
Essential for motivating performers
35
Explain negative feedback
Used to inform the athlete what was incorrect about the movement.
Negative feedback must include info on the action(s) required by the performer to achieve the correct movement
36
Explain knowledge of results
Focuses on how successful you have been in achieving what you set out to do (the outcome)
Usually factual and given to you by a coach or teacher
37
Explain knowledge of results
This type of feedback provides more detail about how well you did irrespective of the result
Relate to the technique used, or specific aspects of the movement you produced
Deals with quality of performance not result
38
Explain extrinsic feedback
Feedback received about performance which comes form outside the performer e.g. a teacher or coach
May also come from team mates or spectators and is generally given verbally or on a score card
39
Explain intrinsic feedback
Information which is received from within the individual, for example how it feels, information form the sense or muscles
This ‘feeling’ or sense that the movement of the muscles and the joints had gone well (or not) is often called kinaesthesis
40
How do we remember what feedbacks best for beginners and elites
Beginners = REP
Elites = PIN
41
What are the four types of guidance
Visual
Verbal
Manual
Mechanical
42
What is visual guidance and give an example
When a performer can see something
Demonstration of technique or skill by another person e.g. coach
Still images for example photos
Footage of performance via analysis software,dvd etc
43
What is verbal guidance and give an example
It involves another person (usually a coach or teacher) telling the learner what they are doing right or wrong
Usually used with visual guidance
Can be used as key word trigger e.g. point your toes
A coach/teacher talking to a performer highlighting a technique
44
What is manual guidance and give an example
Manual guidance involves physical moving the performer through physical touch
Manual and mechanical very similar
Physical support allow the performer to produce the required movement when they may not have been able to do it by themselves
Physically guiding the performer e.g.coach moving learners arm through correct motion of cricket bowing action
Supporting the performer for safety e.g. supporting a gymnast whilst doing a vault
45
What is mechanical guidance and give an example
Mechanical guidance involves using a mechanical aid
E.g. trampoline harness for somersault or arm bands for swimming
Physical support allows performer to produce required movement when they may not have been able to do it themselves
46
Is visual guidance for elite,beginner or both? Why?
Both
Beginner-needs to see what they are learning looks like, easiest way to understand
Elite- visual is very clear, quick way to learn for all abilities. Can watch themselves
47
Is verbal guidance for elite,beginner or both? Why?
Both
Beginner-goes well with visual. Reinforces what they have seen. Must be simple
Elite- best method- must come from a knowledgable coach
48
Is manual guidance for beginner,elite or both? Why?
Beginner
Can make a movement clearer than visual or verbal.
Elite don’t need this
49
Is mechanical guidance for elite,beginner or both? Why?
Beginner
Can break down a skill into parts for a beginner e.g. float legs only during breast stroke
50
Define arousal
A physical and mental (physiological and psychological) state of alertness/excitement varying from deep sleep to intense excitement
51
What can be affected if arousal isn’t controlled
Can affect both physical and mental state of a performer
If arousal levels not controlled performance may sufferer
52
What is the inverted u-theory if arousal
Visually shows how a performer can be under or over aroused, or at the optimal level
53
What does the typical inverted u-theory look like
A curved that slowly increases up then slowly increases down
The low arousal is at the beginning
Optimal arousal in the middle at the highest point
Over arousal is the end third
54
What do fine movements require in terms of arousal
Fine movements involving accuracy require a low optimal level of arousal e.g. dart throw
55
What does a gross skill required in terms of arousal
Gross skills requiring power, strength and/or large muscle movements require high level of arousal e.g. a punch in boxing and taking hits back
Or e.g. a rugby tackle
56
What are the consequences of being over aroused? Give examples...
Too aggressive e.g. red card in football for bad foul
Setting a bad image on tv- sponsors not happy,club has bad image
Mistakes and errors e.g. miss controlling a pass in football
Arguments with teammates
57
What are the consequences of being under aroused
Low motivation- low effort level
Mistakes/poor concentration
58
What are the 3 methods of controlling arousal
Deep breathing (physical/somatic)
Mental rehearsal, visualisation or imagery (mental/cognitive)
Positive self talk (mental/cognitive)
59
Define deep breathing and when is it used
A physical/somatic technique which involves the performer exaggerating their breaths in and out
Can be used before performance to calm nerves and control arousal or it can be used during performance to focus mind on task
E.g. before taking a free kick in football
60
Define mental rehearsal and what does it involve
A cognitive relaxation technique involving the control of mental thoughts and imagining positive outcomes
Involves performer picturing themselves performing the skill perfectly before attempting it
Performer imagining themselves in a calm, relaxing place to reduce stress
Can be used before or during performance
61
Define self talk and how it works
A mental/cognitive technique whereby the performer talked to themselves in their head to reassure themselves
Usually positive and can reassure the performers that there doing well or are well prepared and can relax their body and mind
62
Define direct aggression give example
This is where there is actual physical contact between performers
Wheee the aggressor uses physical contact to deliberately inflict harm upon their opponent
E.g. tackle from behind in football
63
Define indirect aggression. Explain and give example
This type of aggression does not involve physical contact between performers
Where the aggressive act is taken out on an object to gain advantage over opponent
Don’t physically harm or injure and may be within rules of the sport
Can cause mental harm to opponent as feel less confident or worried
E.g. hitting a tennis racket into the floor
64
List the typical features of an introvert
Low arousal levels
Can be shy
Quite
Thoughtful
Solitary
Don’t need others to motivate them
Play individual sports
Play sports which need fine skills
65
List the typical features of an extrovert
- High arousal levels
- Lack if concentration
- Enjoy interaction with others
- Fast paced skills
- Seek exciting situations
- Aroused by others
- Prone to boredom if isolated
- Play team sports
- Sociable
- Talkative
- Sports which include gross skills
- Enthusiastic
66
Define motivation
The drive to succeed or the desire to achieve something
67
Define intrinsic motivation and explain it
The drive that comes from within the performer
That feeling of pride,self satisfaction or general achievement
Performer is driven to achieve something due to feeling it gives them
68
Define extrinsic motivation and explain it
He’s drive experienced by a performer when striving to achieve a reward (tangible or intangible)
When a performer strives to achieve a reward
Reward provided by an outside source or person
69
What are the two types of rewards define them
Tangible- such as certificates,trophies,medals,money etc
Intangible-praise or feedback from others,applause from crowd
70
Advantages and disadvantages of both types of motivation
Advantages of intrinsic - it lasts
Disadvantages of intrinsic- it can’t be given
Advantages of extrinsic- easy to give
Disadvantages of extrinsic - not always possible to keep give it it. Doing things for the wrong reason
71
What happens when extrinsic motivation is taken away
Become de-motivated
72
Which motivation can you become reliant on
Extrinsic
73
Which type of motivation is more likely to lead to continued participation
Intrinsic, every successful athlete has some degree of this
74
Define engagement patterns
Term used to describe how levels of participation vary across different social groups
75
Define social groups
People who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and have a sense of unity/togetherness.
76
Give 5 social groups
Gender
Race/religion/culture
Age
Family/friends/peers
Disability
77
Define stereotype
Widely held but fixed and oversimplified idea of a particular type of person
78
Define barrier to participation
Is an obstacle that prevents a group within society from participating in sport or physical recreation and therefore reduces overall levels of participation
E.g. females playing ruby - could be lack of clubs, role models or media coverage
79
Give 12 factors relevant to engagement patterns
- attitudes
- role models
- accessibility
- media coverage
- sexism/stereotyping
- culture/religion
- family commitments
- available leisure time
- familiarity
- education
- socio-economic factors
- adaptability
80
Describe the attitude factor
Attitude is an opinion about something, generally learned from family and friends,can be positive or negative.
Long lasting but can be changed, may need to change negative attitudes toward certain sports to increase participation,like health benefits etc
E.g. rugby is a boys sport
Success of a sports team can change attitudes
81
Describe the role models factor
Great influence on attitudes and participation in general
Can be from a sport,family,peer group
Tend to encourage participation in sport
82
Describe accessibility factor
Some sports require a certain type of facility in order to participate
E.g. skiing needs snow
If that facility is not easily available, then participation becomes difficult
Some activities are only available in certain locations
Elite sportspeople have to go live near a facility
83
Describe media coverage factor
Positive effect on participation, generates role models and general interest
Lack of media coverage or bad media coverage can have negative effect on participation
84
Give 6 positives of media on sports participation
Attendances may rise as people wanna see best players/role models
Supporters become better informed
Easier to attract sponsorship
Encourages participation
Develops personalities and role models
Multiple cameras give viewers close up view on action
85
Give 7 negatives of media on sports participation
Attendances may fall as more people watch from home
Only few spots on tv
Sports personalities lose privacy
Evernote can be sensationalised to promote media rather than sport
Changes to playing season
Changes to event timing
Changes to the rules
86
Describe sexism/stereotyping factor
Belief one sex is naturally superior
Elite sport sexist as separates men and women
E.g. women only play 3 sets of tennis at grand slam events compared to men’s 5
1.9 million fewer women in sports than men
Men generally get more prize money
Teenage girls participate less as get older, lack of interest from friends and family
Women get less media coverage
87
Describe the culture/religion factor
Effects of discrimination as a result of prejudice, lead to reduced opportunities through limited access or individual choosing to not participate
Higher % of ethnic minority communities in economically deprived areas, can’t afford to participate
Need for a cultural group to observe their religious festivals,limit participation at certain times of year
88
Describe family commitments factor
May need to look after other members of family
Illness in family or single parent family situation may have an effect
89
Describe available leisure time factor
Amount of leisure time increased over years, shorter working days and careers, so tend to live longer
Better/easier working conditions, part time, many inventions that make life easier
Many people who through choice or through necessity still have limited leisure time due to work or other commitments
90
Describe familiarity factor
Rather be involved with something they already know about or understand
Parental influence, children become involved in same activity as parents
Participating in same activity as role models
91
Describe education factor
Activities chosen for participation not always their own, compulsory PE gives every child introduction to activities
Some schools have better facilities than others, PE teachers emphasise there interest in particular sport in lessons, limits a child’s experience
School may have tradition in certain area, timetable can be issue, more time given to academic subjects
92
Describe the socio-economic factor
Lower disposable income available go spend on leisure activities
Limited leisure time due to need to work long hours
Required expensive equipment in some sports
93
Describe adaptability factor
Disability or limited disposable income.
Adapting a mainstream version of sport or by designing new sport
Inclusive to all
E.g. basketball adapted to wheelchair basketball
94
Define commercialisation
The process by which a new product or service is introduced into the general market for profit
95
Give 6 aspects of commercialisation
Teams can buy and sell players
Sports can sell competitions
Media can buy and sell sports
Businesses can buy and sell sports
Businesses can buy and sell competitors,grounds
Sports,grounds etc can advertise business
96
Define media
The main ways that people communicate collectively
97
Define sponsorship
Where a company pays money to a team or individual in return for advertising their goods
98
Define golden triangle
The financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and media
99
Explain the spectators part in the triangle
Buy merchandise from the media companies
Will buy sponsors product if marketed well
100
Explain the media’s part in the golden triangle
Rely on subscriptions from spectators
Attracts sponsors as spectators interested in media
101
Explain the business sponsors part in the golden triangle
Need media to promote
Rely on fans buying products
102
Name the types of media
Tv
Radio
Press
Internet
Social media
103
Name how spectators watch sports
Tv or live
104
Describe how sponsorship works
Company providing resources in return for some business related favour. Form of advertising to increase sales and make companies name more well known
105
What do sponsors like to associate with and what to do they do for community
Associate with successful or popular teams and individuals
Philanthropic- aim to benefit community, local business will sponsor local teams
106
Define spectators
People who watch sport; can be at the event or watch/listening/reading- armchair spectating
107
Define philanthropic
Trying to benefit others; generous
108
In what ways can a business sponsor and how can sponsoring become negative
Equipment,clothing,footwear
If team is performing badly, or a sport is involved in cheating,violence,racism etc can reflect badly on business
109
Why is sport good for media
Fairly cheap form of entertainment
Sport has lots of excitement
Good to watch sports have short bursts of maximum excitement e.g. goal in football
Sports changed to be more attractive for spectator
110
Name the features of tv
Kick of times changed for tv
Major finals usually played when it’s 8pm in Europe to maximise audience
Best media as can provide live images
Satellite and cable compete with traditional terrestrial, football has highest viewing
Sport can be left for a few mins without viewers losing plot. Technological developments such as replays
111
Name the 6 points to make sport ideal for tv
Demonstrate skill, strength and fitness
Competitive and spectacular with detail available
Simple rules
Reasonable timescale
Clear personalities
Easy to televise
112
Name the features of radio
Can be more detailed than tv
Provide live commentary
In depth interview with performers and experts
113
Name the features of newspapers
Broadsheet or tabloid
Sell large numbers to make profit
Tend to be more critical analysis
Focus on personalities
Narrow range of popular sports
Large % of total content for sport
Influenced by social media
114
Name the features of social media
Not just receiving information
Allows discussion and opinion
Facebook,Twitter etc allow interaction with teams
Instant
115
Define marketability
Able to be sold
116
Describe the positives of commercialised activity on performer
More sponsorship can lead to additional income so better performances, more training time, better venues and equipment
Reduces worry about finances as may get paid to play and receive free equipment, clothing and footwear
117
Describe the negatives of commercialised activity on a performer
High income and fame limits opportunity to have normal life, become public property
Need to entertain in order to increase marketability, may need to run social media
Sponsorship contract may demand time given to attend corporate events, interviews, commercials etc, less free time and privacy
Sponsors product may not be ideal/healthy
May become dependent on sponsors
Pressure put on a performer to win may lead to cheating
118
Describe positives of commercialised activity on sport
Increased income so the sport doesn’t have to rely on spectators as much
Income brings better players,wages,coaches,facilities,stadium etc
119
Describe negative effects of commercialised activity on sports
Sponsorship relies on media so only big sports get media coverage and money
Media pays a lot of money to get tv rights e.g. the team gets less than this
Sponsors have more control on what’s shown on tv and timings of events
Teams change strip to suit sponsors
120
Describe positive effects of commercialised activity on officials
Paid to officiate
Elite sport refereed by a few high calibration officials
Paid to travel
Some officials are famous and earn a good living
121
Describe negative effects of commercialised activity on officials
Greater media coverage so more spotlight on mistakes,analysis and criticism
Mistakes lead to being dropped
Severe criticism on social media and general public
Need to be able to take accusations e.g. cheating
122
Describe the positives of commercialised activity on spectators
More money results in higher standard to watch
Better facilities and stadiums
More involved through big screens,replays,info,stats etc
More merchandise so can feel part of it
Armchair supporters can see much more sport
123
Describe negatives of commercialised activity on spectators
Match kick off times aimed at tv audience so may not be good for travelling spectators
124
Describe positives of commercialised activity on sponsors
Huge publicity
Advertising to very large audience
Want to be associated with sporting success
Increased sales
125
Describe the negatives of commercialised activity on sponsor
Reputation of sponsors may be affected by:
Crowd trouble
Poor results
Cheating
Drug taking
126
Define technology
Method that is developed to try and improve performance
127
Define Hawkeye
An optimal ball tracking device used as an aid to officiating in tennis and cricket
128
Define television match official
Used in rugby union and league to make decisions using replays of incident
129
Define ice baths
Used to reduce temperature in muscles after activity to speed up recovery
130
Define oxygen(hypoxic)tents
Contain high oxygen concentrations to speed up recovery after injury
131
Define hyperbaric chambers
High pressure chambers that force oxygen into an injury to speed up recovery
132
Define prosthetic
Artificial aid; often replacing a limb
133
Define match analysis
Computer software that provides detailed statistical data about individuals and/or team performances
134
Why is technology used
Used by performers,coaches,officials to try and improve performance. Improve experience for spectators and improve the sport and increase decision making accuracy
135
Describe the positive impacts of technology in the performer
Heart rate monitors,pedometers,body fat monitors aid health and well being and injury treatment
Software programs can monitor and analyse athletes nutrition and fitness levels and diet
Increased safety equipment and much lighter
Rehabilitation quicker by ice baths etc
Prosthetics for athletes with disabilities
DVD recordings of games. Match analysis of performer, can tell when need sub
136
Describe negative impacts of technology on performer
Expensive
Used by the opposition to look for weaknesses and copy good aspects
Lead to increased injuries and shorter careers as athletes pushed harder
More cheating new performance enhancing drugs
137
Describe positive impacts of technology on sport
Analysis of sport performance allowed coaches to improve quality of feedback given to performers
Increased accuracy in time and distance measurements in performance
Referees enable to make better decisions on rule infringements
Improved design of sports equipment
Spectators better viewing of sport
138
Describe negative impacts of technology on sport
Now not taken on equal level;advantage to those who have best technology
Time taken waiting for off field decision is frustrating for fans and slows game down
139
Describe positive impacts of technology on officials
Able to communicate through mics
Hawkeye,goal line technology allow for more accurate decisions
Tmo in rugby an official is able to make a decision after watching replay
Some of the pressure and criticism on officials reduced
140
Describe negative impact of technology on officials
Still get decisions wrong
Slows game down
Cost
141
Describe positive impacts of technology on spectators
Increased experience at home. More cameras. Wide range of sports
Player cams, post/stump cams
Games easier to view
All weather surfaces, less games called off
Better informed such as statistics
142
Describe negative impact of technology on spectators
Waiting time, slows game down
Cost
Not everyone gets to watch certain sports
143
Describe posture impacts of technology on sponsors
More cameras so more chance of sponsors logo being seen
Logos painted on pitch, appear to be on pitch
More sales, more profit
More advertising boards
144
Describe negative impacts of technology on sponsors
Injuries,cheating,poor behaviour and losing gets higher exposure and can affect the sponsors image
