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paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define fertilisation

A

the fusion of a male and females gametes nucleus’

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2
Q

name 3 abiotic factors

A

humidty
temperature
light intensity

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3
Q

name 3 biotic factors

A

competition
diesease
predators

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4
Q

where in the body is glycogen stored?

A

liver

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5
Q

what is the function of insulin?

and how?

A

reduce blood glucose concentration

by increasing the absorption of glucose to the liver and muscles

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6
Q

how can you reduce the risk of developing diabetes?

A

regular excersise
eat a lower amount of carbohydrates

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7
Q

name 3 substances that can cause water pollution

A

toxic chemicals
sewage
fertiliser

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8
Q

define a reccessive disease

and gene

A

a disease which is only inherited if there are two copies of the allele

same but with a gene

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9
Q

what is an amino acid?

what is their function?

A

a molecule with at least 2 functional groups

they are the building blocks for protien and help bodily functions

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10
Q

where in the body are amino acids broken down?

A

liver

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11
Q

give 2 uses of water in plants

A

photosynthesis
support

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12
Q

give 2 advantages of farming animals indoors

A

less energy lost through movement
less energy lost through heat

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13
Q

give 2 disadvantges of farming animals indoors

A

disease spread faster
aggressive behaviour

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14
Q

define mutation

A

a change in a gene or chromosome

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15
Q

how does the dilation of blood vessels cool the body?

A

as there is more blood flow to the surface of the skin

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16
Q

name the route of the heart

A

vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta

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17
Q

define osmosis

A

the movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane down a concentration gradient

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18
Q

define active transport

A

the movement of molecules up a concentration gradient,

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19
Q

define homeostasis

A

the regulation of conditions in the body to maintain a stable environment

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20
Q

explain what these do :
receptors
control centres
effectors

A

detect the change
interpret and decide what needs to be done
carry out the change

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21
Q

How does the nervous system deliver signals?

describe these

A

through electrical impulses via nerves

very fast and precise

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22
Q

how does the endocrine system carry out changes?

A

via hormones in the blood stream

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23
Q

how is the endocrine system different to the nervous system?

A

it is slower
it lasts longer
it is more generalised
it travels through the blood

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24
Q

name 2 types of effectors

A

glands
muscles

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25
what are 2 adaptations of neurones
extended shape (helps travel across body) fine branches (allows them to pass signals to other nerve cells)
26
what is a synapse
the gap between 2 nerve cells
27
how do signals pass across a synapse?
chemicals from one nerve cell diffuse across the synapse, triggering an electrical impulse in the next cell
28
name the 3 types of neurones and what they do
sensory- send signal from receptor to the cns motor- sends signal of what to do to the effectors relay- passes signal from sensory to motor neurones
29
what is a reflex?
an automatic response to a stimulus
30
# in the brain what does the cerebal cortex control?
consciousness intelligence memory etc
31
# in the brain what does the cerebellum control?
balance co-ordination
32
# in the brain what does the hypothalamus control?
regulating body temp sending signal to the pituitary gland
33
# in the brain what does the medulla control?
unconscious activities
34
what does the cornea do? | how does it get oxygen
refracts all the light that passes through it | through diffusion as it has no blood vessels
35
what does the iris do?
control the size of the pupil
36
what does the lens do?
refracts light but can change how strongly to focus the light onto the retina
37
what are the 2 different receptor cells in the retina?
cone- colour of light rod- more light sensitive (black and white)
38
what does the optic nerve do?
transfers impulses from receptor cells to the brain
39
what is hyperopia and myopia?
hyperopia= long sightedness myopia= short sightedness
40
define thermoregulation
the control of our internal body temperature
41
why is 37 the body temperature?
as it is the optimal temperature for enzymes
42
# thermoregulatory system how does the body warm up?
contract erector muscles vasoconstrict blood vessels near surface of skin shiver
43
# thermoregulatory how does the body cool down?
sweat vasodilate blood vessels near surface of skin relax erector muscles
44
what is the function of the pituitary gland?
acts as a master gland- tells other glands to secrete hormones and secretes a variety of hormones itself
45
what is the function of the thyroid gland?
produces thyroxine, this regulates the rate of metabolism and helps growth and development
46
what does the pancreas gland do?
secrete insulin - controls blood glucose concentration
47
what is the name of the undifferentiated cells neurones develop from?
stem cells
48
define a genome
the entire set of genetic material in an organism
49
# this refers to alleles define homzoygous and heterozygous
homozygous- 2 copies of the same alleles heterozygous- 2 different alleles
50
define genotype and phenotype
genotype- complete collection of alleles phenotype- characteristics obtained from the genotype
51
what is an allele?
different versions of the same gene
52
what is a nucelotide
a monomer that makes up dna
53
what 3 things make up a nucleotide
phosphate sugar base
54
# dna what bases always pair together?
A+T G+C
55
what does glucagon do and how?
increases blood glucose levels by causing cells (e.g liver) to release its glycogen
56
what demographic does type 1 diabetes occur in?
children and teenagers
57
what demographic does type 2 diabetes occur in?
older, more unhealthy people
58
give 3 ways type 1 diabetes is monitored
1. inject insulin 2. regular excersise 3. monitor diet
59
what is the underlying issue in type 2 diabetes?
the bodys tissue becomes resistant to insulin
60
what are the 3 main functions of the kidneys?
1. filter blood 2. remove urea + waste 3. regulate levels of useful things e.g ions
61
which hormone is responsible for water levels?
ADH
62
what hormones stimulates the uterus to develop?
oestrogen
63
what organ are FSH and LH released from?
Pituitary gland
64
what organ stimulates an egg to be released?
LH
65
what does the hormone FSH do?
stimulate the ovaries to mature an egg
66
give 3 effects on the body adrenaline has
1. increased heart rate 2. increased blood pressure 3. increase blood flow to muscles
67
what conversion of substances does adrenaline cause?
glycogen to glucose
68
what happens if thyroxine levels are too low?
the pituitary gland produces TSH to stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroxine
69
# plants what are auxins?
hormones which control growth - found in the tips of roots and shoots
70
what does phototropic and geotropic mean?
phototropic- plants shoots grow towards light - roots away geotropic- plants roots grow with gravity - shoots opposite way
71
where do auxins accumulate in shoots?
the shaded side
72
what 3 things does the hormone gibberellin in plants do?
1. induce flowering 2. increase fruit size 3. control dormancy
73
what does the plant hormone ethene do?
stimulate ripening
74
how can auxin kill weeds?
stimulating too much growth will disrupt the growth pattern, killing it
75
give 2 things which increase the risk of mutation
carginogens (harmful chemicals) radiation (e.ggamma rays)
76
what are the 3 types of mutations to a base sequence?
substitution- a base is changed to another base insertion- an extra base is inserted into a sequence deletion- a base is deleted from a sequence
77
what is a codon?
a set of 3 bases which codes for 1 amino acid
78
how can base mutations change an enzymes activity?
1. amino acids will change which make up the enzyme 2. active site may change 3. no longer complimentary to substarte 4. enzyme-substarte complexs wont form
79
what are the male and female plant gametes?
male- pollen female- egg
80
what process creates gametes?
meiosis
81
what is a haploid cell and what is a diploid cell?
haploid- cell with 23 chromosomes diploid- cell with 46 chromosomes
82
what process do bacteria cells use to reproduce?
binary fission
83
what type of disease is cystic fibrosis?
reccessive
84
what type of disease is Polydactyly?
dominant
85
give 1 sympton of cycstic fibrosis
sticky mucus in the airways of lungs
86
what 2 factors contribute to variation in individuals?
1. environment 2. inheritance
87
what is speciation?
an evolutionary process where a population evolves to become its own species
88
what is genetic engineering?
transferring a gene which creates a desirable characteristic from one organism to another
89
give 3 ways genetic engineering can improve crops
1. increase crop yield 2. increase crop quality 3. resistance to disease
90
what is gene therapy?
the treatment of an inherited disorder by giving a patient a healthy copy of their faulty gene
91
describe the steps of genetic engineering for human insulin
1. isolate insulin gene from human dna 2. insert gene into a vector such as plasmids 3. insert vector into a host bacterium 4. allow bacterium to divide and produce insulin
92
# [](http://) what are structural adaptations?
adaptations to an organisms physical features
93
what are behavourial adaptations?
adaptations to the way an organism behaves or acts
94
what are functional adaptations?
adaptations to the processes inside of an organism

biology (10 decks)

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