Paper 2 Case Studies

Question 1

What is the case study for urban growth?

Answer 1

MUMBAI

Question 2

What is the importance of Mumbai’s location?

Answer 2

-located on western coast of India
-estimated population of 20 million people
-India’s biggest city

Question 3

What is the regional importance of Mumbai?

Answer 3

-3 million people commute there for work
-population is constantly growing
-city contributes to 40% of total income of whole state of Maharashtra
-Hi-tech industry is growing

Question 4

What is the national importance of Mumbai?

Answer 4

-one of the world’s most densely populated cities
-responsible for 70% of India’s maritime trade
-the reserve bank of India is located in Mumbai
-it has the highest % of internet access of any Indian city
-it is a transport hub with links to major cities in India

Question 5

What is the international importance of Mumbai?

Answer 5

-receives the largest amount of foreign investment than any other city in India
-tourism industry is booming

Question 6

Why is Mumbai growing?

Answer 6

Natural Increase
-birth rates are higher than death rates
-fertility rate of 2 per woman
-grows 5% every year (1mil more)

Migration
-pull factors (educational opportunities, better healthcare, services, friends and family, higher paid jobs)
-push factors (education, health is worse, jobs in agriculture pay less, young people no longer like farming- hard work and low pay).

Question 7

What are Mumbai’s social opportunities?

Answer 7

Healthcare and education
-more hospitals than any urban area in India
-hospital admits over 60,000 patients each year
-many primary and secondary schools
-has a world-renowned uni
-literacy rate of 89.7%

Water supply
-lots of pressure on water
-plan to extent access to water
-pressure on sewage systems
-hundreds of people share a single toilet
-‘Mumbai Slum Sanitation project’ aims to improve facilities.

Energy
-squatter settlements don’t have access to electricity.
-however now there are more electricity connections and making them legal and safe for sq set in Mumbai

Question 8

What are Mumbai’s economic opportunities?

Answer 8

Commercial and financial capital of India
-largest number of TNC headquarters in Asia
-many tech industries
-demand for goods and services, creating jobs
-many headquarters for big Indian companies

Question 9

How do squatter settlements create challenges caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

Answer 9

-overcrowded blocks- very cheap
-they have grown fast in Mumbai
-has 1.2 million people in 1 square mile
-lies on 2 railway lines- used to be a rubbish tip
-no road signs
-challenging conditions
-live by open sewers and play by waste
-freshwater is supplied at 5.30am for 2 hours
-water is rationed
-life expectancy is under 60 years old.

Question 10

How does not having clean water, sanitation and energy create challenges caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

Answer 10

-60% of population rely on communal taps.
-open sewers and polluted streams give health risks
-1 toilet per 1000 people
-factories heavily pollute river and sewage is dumped there daily
-recycling is common, but jobs provided are unofficial
-jobs pay very low wages

Question 11

How does not having access to services create challenges caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

Answer 11

Health and education services are put under more pressure.
-many schools are overcrowded
-shortage of teachers
-many children must work to support family

Question 12

How does unemployment and crime create challenges caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

Answer 12

-rapid urbanisation is causing unemployment
-economic growth is not fast enough to create enough jobs
-there is a shortage of skilled workers
-many people work in dangerous conditions

-crime rates are very high
-nearly 1/3 of pop are victims of crime
-fraud and cyber-crime are widespread

Question 13

How do environmental issues create challenges caused by urban growth in Mumbai?

Answer 13

-millions of tonnes of waste enter the Mithi River every year
-waste disposal is poor
-water pipes run near sewers- contamination and diseases spread
-produces lots of air pollution
-traffic congestion is high
-people are dependent on public transport
-urban bus and train networks don’t have a big enough capacity to meet the needs of the city.
-deaths are caused by crossing tracks, cables and hanging from windows.

Question 14

How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai?

Answer 14

improves squatter settlements
‘Vision Mumbai’ is a plan to improve Dharavi:
-construction of sewage treatment and water recycling
-street lighting and communal areas
-solar panels on roofs for electricity
-CCTV to improve security
-pedestrianised areas

Question 15

what is the case study for the change in UK cities?

Answer 15

BIRMINGHAM

Question 16

what situation is Birmingham in? (location and importance)

Answer 16

-has many unique industries
-canals to transport bulky goods
-workers migrated to city from 1830s

-city in the west midlands-central
-2nd most populous city in UK

Question 17

What is Birmingham’s economic role in the West Midlands?

Answer 17

-sourcing raw materials and distributing it for manufacturing
-central hub for the national canal network
-industrial area which was rich in coal and iron, fueling industries
-motorways reinforced its central role in the national network

Question 18

What is the national importance of Birmingham?

Answer 18

-most centrally located city in UK
-serves as terminal routes from London to Midlands
-M1- first motorway built in the UK in 1959
-airport offers direct connections to 150 destinations

Question 19

What is the global importance of Birmingham?

Answer 19

-canal exceeds Venice
-has Europe’s largest public library
-diverse cultural experiences
-music venues
-manufacturing and financial centre
-has many top-tier restaurants
-has 3 world-renowned Unis

Question 20

How is migration changing Birmingham?

Answer 20

Causes:
-students come to study at unis
-in some areas lower housing prices
-religious institutions and community centres.
Influences:
-affordable houses
-variety of shops, services and places of worship
-area of young population
-ethnically diverse
-variety of services

Question 21

Why is there inequality in Birmingham?

Answer 21

-rapid economic and population changes- high deprivation areas
-globalisation and de-industrialisation- job losses in central areas
-people with limited qualifications find it harder to secure jobs

Question 22

What are Birmingham’s Opportunities

Answer 22

Education and Culture
-5 unis
-youthful population
-well educated
-BioHub for medical research
-historical and cultural places - Hippodrome, museums, NEC, ICC and symphony hall bring in tourists.
-big shopping centre- Bull Ring

Integrated Transport System
-2014 plan to integrate transport (rail, bus and tram services)
-new train system
-improve physical environment
-cycleways and walkways
Grand central- world-class station
HS2- high speed rail cut 30 mins out of journey time from Brum to London

‘Birmingham green Vision’
-plant trees and greenways
-green roofs and walls
-walkways and cycleways
-parks and recreational spaces

Question 23

How has Urban Deprivation in Birmingham caused challenges?

Answer 23

-declining industry leading to brownfield sites- spiral of decline from loss of industry
-heavily clustered around the city centre

Question 24

How has Environmental Challenges in Birmingham caused challenges?

Answer 24

-air pollution is a major problem due to vehicles and heating systems
-new cycle routes should encourage cycling instead of emitting harmful gases from traffic and vehicles

Question 25

How has Urban sprawl/ housing in Birmingham caused challenges?

Answer 25

-as pop increases, more houses are needed to be built on either brown or greenfield sites
-brownfield sites can be expensive to build on
-greenfield sites are cheaper to build on, but have long term environmental problems

Question 26

How has Waste Disposal in Birmingham caused challenges?

Answer 26

-more needs to be recycled
-there is a high production of methane which is a greenhouse gas
-recycling centres are used to collect recycling
-energy recovery converts rubbish into electricity annually- however requires lots of carbon dioxide

Question 27

What is the name of Birmingham’s regeneration project?

Answer 27

Big City Plan

Question 28

why did Birmingham need regeneration?

Answer 28

-during industrialisation, West Midlands developed as a major industrial area.
-Longbridge produced over a third of a million cars in 1965
-they employed 25000
-increasing competition from abroad led to a decline in jobs and the spiral of decline

Question 29

What places is Birmingham’s Big City Plan proposed to transform?

Answer 29

Westside
Snow Hill
Eastside
New Street Station
Southern Gateway

Question 30

How is Westside being regenerated?

Answer 30

-commercial space
-new library
-4 star hotel with 250 bedrooms

Question 31

How is Snow Hill being regenerated?

Answer 31

-200,000m office space
-better public spaces and transport links
-4000 new homes
-10,000 jobs

Question 32

How is Eastside being regenerated?

Answer 32

-HS2 station built
-recreational facilities
-developing Birmingham City University
-2,000 new homes
-30,000 jobs

Question 33

How is New Street Station being regenerated?

Answer 33

-new John Lewis store creating 650 jobs
-improving links to surrounding areas
-more facilities
-turning station into a world-class station

Question 34

How is Southern Gateway being regenerated?

Answer 34

-creation of 300 jobs
-leisure facilities
-city centre walkways
-1000 new homes

Question 35

What is the Longbridge Regeneration plan?

Answer 35

-aims to completely regenerate the former MG Rover car plant site on brownfield land.
-building 2000 new homes and creating 1000 jobs

Question 36

What does the Longbridge regeneration plan include?

Answer 36

-a new tech park for small tech businesses
-£70 million town centre
-hotel, restaurants and leisure developments
-Bourneville College
-Office spaces
-warehousing facilities

Question 37

What are the advantages of Regeneration?

Answer 37

-job creation
-improvement to living environment
-increased economic output
-more leisure facilities

Question 38

What are disadvantages of Regeneration?

Answer 38

-houses become unaffordable
-increased noise and air pollution
-increased congestion