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Geography > Paper 2A Urban Issues and Challenges > Flashcards

Paper 2A Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

what is urbanization?

A

the growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

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2
Q

how is the rate of urbanisation different in HIC?

A

-they are more economically developed, most have already experienced urbanisation
-so the rate is low, usually under 1%

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3
Q

how is the rate of urbanisation different in NEE?

A

-countries where economic development is increasingly rapidly.
-rate is typically around 2%

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4
Q

how is the rate of urbanisation different in LIC?

A

-less economically developed
-high rates - up to 6%

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5
Q

What is rural to urban migration

A

the movement of people form the countryside to cities

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6
Q

what are push factors

A

factors that encourage people to leave an area

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7
Q

give some examples of push factors

A

-natural disasters can damage property or farmland which is costly
-mechanised agricultural equipment needs less workers so there are fewer jobs.
-desertification makes land unproductive so people can’t support themselves.

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8
Q

what are pull factors

A

factors which encourage people to move to an area

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9
Q

give some examples of pull factors

A

-more jobs in urban areas that are better paid
-better healthcare and education opportunities
-family members may live in that area already
-people may have a better quality of life

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10
Q

what is natural increase

A

when birth rates exceeds death rates, more people are bring born than dying so the population grows.

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11
Q

what is the location and importance of mumbai?

A

-located on the western coast of India
-estimated population of 20 million people
-it is India’s biggest city and the 4th largest in the world
-it has a large economic importance

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12
Q

what is the regional importance of mumbai?

A

-3 million people commute from surrounding areas for work here
-the population is always growing, attracting the young workforce
-city contributes to 40% total income of the whole state of Maharashtra
-Hi-tech industry is growing online banking, call centres and software.

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13
Q

what is the national importance of Mumbai?

A

-one of India’s dominant urban centres
-one of the largest and most densely populated cities in the world.
-70% of India’s maritime trade
-25% of India’s industrial output
-the reserve bank of india is in mumbai, as well as other leading banks
-Bollywood is their largest film industry
-highest % of internet access of any Indian city.
-transport hub with links to all major industrial cities in India

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14
Q

what is the international importance of Mumbai?

A

-city receives the largest amount of foreign investment of any other city in India
-largest number of international companies in Asia
-its tourism industry is booming.

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15
Q

Why is Mumbai growing?

A

grown due to natural increase and migration

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16
Q

How is natural increase making Mumbai’s population grow rapidly?

A

-birth rates exceeding death rates
-Mumbai has a fertility rate of around 2 children per women
-1 million extra people are born each year (5%)

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17
Q

Pull factors leading to migration to Mumbai

A

pull factors:
-educational opportunities (schools + unis)
-better healthcare (dentists + hospitals)
-water, electricity and sewage services
-friends and family have already moved
-better jobs with higher wages

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18
Q

Push factors leading to migration to Mumbai

A

-education and health is lower in rural areas
-agricultural jobs are harder to find
-only large farms can afford chemicals and machines
-young people see farming as hard work (long hours and low pay)

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19
Q

List Mumbai’s social opportunities

A

-healthcare and education
-water supply
-energy

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20
Q

How has access to healthcare and education improved Mumbai?

A

-The city has more hospitals than any other city in India
-admits over 60,000 patients yearly

-there are over 1000 primary and secondary schools in Mumbai
-Mumbai’s literacy rate is 89.7% in comparison to India’s 74.%
-it has a world-renowned university.

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21
Q

How has access to a water supply improved Mumbai?

A

-has a central water supply managed by the government
-however the rapid growth has pressured water supplies
-people in non-notified slums do not have water supplies

-squatter settlements have put pressure on sewage systems- hundreds of people share a single toilet.
-The MUMBAI SLUM SANITATION PROJECT aims to improve sanitation facilities for up to a million people across the city.

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22
Q

How has access to energy improved Mumbai?

A

-many squatter settlements don’t have access to this, and rely on bottled gas for cooking and heating -expensive and very dangerous
-fumes can cause health problems
-in 2016 they agreed to make safe electrical connections to these places in Mumbai

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23
Q

Challenges caused by urban growth in Mumbai.

How have squatter settlements caused challenges in Mumbai?

A

-the overcrowding blocks are still in demand because they are cheap to rent
-they are poorly constructed
-Dharavi is Mumbai’s biggest squatter settlement, 1.2 million people in a square mile
-it lies between two railway lines- used to be used as a rubbish tip
CONDITIONS ARE CHALLENGING:
-people live by open sewers
-children play with sewage waste
-average of 4,000 cases of typhoid and
diphtheria each day
-water is rationed- no supply
-average of 1 toilet per 1,450 people
-under 60 life expectancy

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23
Q

How has urban growth in Mumbai caused economic opportunities?

A

-it is the commercial and financial capital of India
-has the largest number of TNC headquarters in Asia
-home to the Indian stock market
-has the busiest port and airports in India
-specialized tech industries (aerospace, medical research, computers etc)
-high demands for goods and services- creating employment opportunities
-25% of India’s industrial production is in Mumbai.

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24
Q

How has not having access to clean water, sanitation systems and energy caused challenges in Mumbai?

A

-60% of Mumbai’’s population rely on communal taps
-only 60% of households are connected to sewage systems.
-800 million litres of untreated sewage enter the river every day
-80% of waste is recycled in Mumbai
-work is hazardous

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25
Q

How has bad access to health and education services caused challenges in Mumbai?

A

-urbanisation puts lots of pressure on health and education services.
-schools are overcrowded
-shortage of teachers

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26
Q

How has unemployment and crime caused challenges in Mumbai?

A

-economic growth has not been fast enough to create enough jobs for the available workforce
-unemployment is common
-most people work in the low paid, little job security and dangerous “informal sector”.
-these workers don’t pay tax on their earnings to the government

-3rd highest crime rate city in India
-nearly 1/3 of the population have been victims of crime

27
Q

How has enviromental issues caused challenges in Mumbai?

A

-waste disposal causes millions of tonnes of waste to enter the Mithi river annually.

-many water pipes run close to sewers, they leak and contaminate water
-Mumbai had the 6th highest level of air pollution in India

-people are dependent on public transport, they are often overcrowded
-lots of traffic congestion
-train and bus networks do not have enough capacity to meet demand.
3500 people die on Mumbai’s railway track each year.

28
Q

How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai?

A

VISION MUMBAI- to improve Dharavi
-construction of sewage treatment and water recycling
-street lighting
-solar panels on roof for electricity
-pedestrianised areas
-CCTV to improve security

29
Q

How is the population distribution in the UK

A

VERY UNEVEN

30
Q

How is the population in upland areas such as north Scotland?

A

-sparsely populated
-few natural resources

31
Q

How is the population in coastal areas?

A

-attract human settlements
-can build ports

32
Q

How is the population in low land areas?

A

-most urban areas develop here
-easier to build on and climate is milder here

33
Q

what are the four distinct zones in cities and describe their features.

A

The Central Business District (CBD) is usually in the middle of a city, most services are here.

The inner city has a mix of land uses, mainly houses but also businesses and recreational parks.

The suburbs are found near the edge of the city- mainly residential areas

The rural-urban fringe is on the edge of the city- farmland and open spaces- new houses, large retail and business parks.

34
Q

Change in UK cities- Birmingham

What is it’s national importance?

A

-located near the geographic centre of England
-UK’s second largest city
-5 major universities
-national transport connections through road, rail and Grand Central station and HS2
-£31 billion of investment in infrastructure in the next decade
-nearly 35 million people visited in 2015

35
Q

What is Birmingham’s international importance?

A

-60,000 students in the five major unis from across the globe
-rated among on the top 15 cities in Europe to locate a business
-international transport connections, airport
-home to 31,000 companies
-home to global law, accountancy, property, banking and insurance businesses.
-large employers include BBC, Jaguar Land rover
-60,000 work in leisure and tourism industries

36
Q

Why is it’s population important?

A

-one of the most culturally diverse cities in the UK’s
-Europe ‘youngest’ city

37
Q

Birmingham’s migration and migration history

A

-source regions include: Poland, Africa, India, and the Middle East.
-Has a long history of welcoming migrants- Jewish people fleeing Russia and Nazi’s
-Many polish refugees came to Birmingham after WW2
-increasing migration from new EU member states
-migration gives us rich cultural heritage and multi- cultural communities

-can be seen through restaurants (Chinatown) and events (Diwali celebrations)

38
Q

Birmingham’s Opportunities
- Education and Culture

A

-5 unis
-young and vibrant city
-well educated population, largest number of business start ups outside of London.- retail, leisure, finance, tech.
-Uni has a BioBub for medical research
-good transport links allows migrants to move and access these opportunities

-strong historical and cultural factors e.g. Hippodrome, museums, art galleries, NEC and ICC brings in tourists.
-regenerated city centre
-Bullring is one of the biggest shopping centres in Europe

39
Q

-Integrated transport system

A

-rail links are good
-good connectivity by road and buses
-improvement of cycle ways and walkways

Grand Central Station is a world-class station
-improves the physical environment
-the new John Lewis created 650 jobs.

HS2
-high speed rail will cut journey times from Birmingham to London by over 30 minutes

40
Q

-Making Birmingham Green

A

-has over 500 parks and green spaces e.g. Botanical Gardens
‘BIRMINGHAM GREEN VISION’:
-tree planting and urban greenways
-green roofs and walls
-enhancing cycleways
-developing recreational spaces
-encouraging outdoor leisure activities

40
Q

Birmingham’s Challenges
-Urban deprivation

A

-declining industry has led to brownfield sites
-a spiral of decline results from this loss of industry
-in 2015, it was ranked the 3rd most deprived city in England
-it is heavily clustered around the city centre.

41
Q

-Environmental Challenges

A

-air pollution due to vehicles and modern heating systems is a problem.

-hopefully new cycle routes should encourage people to cycle, reduce traffic and harmful vehicle emissions.

42
Q

-Urban Sprawl/Housing

A

-as population increases, the demand for housing increases
-building on brownfield (expensive as they require clearing) and greenfield sites (cheaper but has long term environmental implications).

-there is a range of land use demand on the rural urban fringe: transport, settlements, retail parks and leisure developments.

-there is always huge pressure on transport and the environment due to people moving to the centre form outskirts.

43
Q

-Waste Disposal

A

-landfill sites are used too much
-causing methane production- greenhouse gas

However to manage this there are recycling centres and energy recovery sites.

44
Q

Birmingham’s Regeneration

What was the plan called?

A

Birmingham’s Big City Plan

45
Q

Why did Birmingham need regeneration?

A

-during it’s industrial period, it developed as a major industrial area
-At it’s peak, Longbridge produced over 1/3 of a million cars in 1965.
-from 1970 a decline started

46
Q

Where were the 5 areas that the plan proposed to transform by 2030? And what were they changing about them?

A

-Westside (commercial space, new library, 4* hotel)

-Snow Hill (office spaces, public spaces and transport links, 4000 new homes and 10,000 jobs)

-Eastside (HS2 station, Development of City Uni, 2000 new homes, 30,000 new jobs)

-New Street Station (turning it into a world-class station, improving links and environment, new John Lewis -650 jobs)

-Southern Gateway (retail markers, 1000 homes, city centre pathways, leisure facilities, 300 jobs)

47
Q

What was the Longbridge Regeneration Plan?

A

-aimed to completely regenerate the former MG Rover car plant site

48
Q

How many new homes and jobs did the Longbridge Plan aim to create?

A

-1300 new homes
-7500 jobs

49
Q

What did the Longbridge Regeneration Plan plan to do?

A

-a tech park
-£70 million town centre
-Hotel, restaurants and leisure developments
-Bourneville College -£66 million
-Office spaces
-residential developments
-warehousing and industrial facilities.

50
Q

Advantages of Regeneration

A

-Job creation
-Improvement to living environment
-Increased economic input and output revenue
-Increased leisure facilities.

51
Q

Disadvantages of Regeneration

A

-Houses become unaffordable for existing residents
-Increased noise pollution
-Increased air pollution
-Increased congestion

52
Q

Sustainable Urban Living

-What does sustainable urban living mean?

A

-living in way that lets people meet their needs now without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future.

53
Q

How can cities be more sustainable?

A

they can:
-conserve water
-conserve energy

54
Q

What and how do water conservation schemes help sustainability?

A

They only take as much water from the environment that can be naturally replaced.
-collecting rainwater
-installing toilets that flush less water
-installing water meters- pay for water used
-encouraging people to use less water (turn off taps when not in use)

55
Q

What and how do energy conservation schemes help sustainability?

A

They reduce the use of fossil fuels which may run out and contribute to climate change.
-promoting renewable energy use
-being energy efficient in homes e.g. solar panels
-making sure that new homes meet the minimum energy efficiency requirements
-encouraging people to use cars less and more public transport.

56
Q

How can creating green spaces help a city become more sustainable?

A

these ensure that people want to stay where they live and work
-provide naturally cooler areas where people can relax in hot weather
-encourage people to exercise more and use other transport methods e.g. bike
-make people happier- break from noise of city.

environmental benefits:
-reduce air pollution
-reduce risk of flooding (reducing surface runoff)

57
Q

How can recycling waste help a city become more sustainable?

A

-more recycling means fewer resources are used
-reducing amount going into landfill - which is unsustainable and it can release greenhouse gases

58
Q

what do waste recycling schemes include:

A

-kerbside collections of recyclable materials
-building facilities to recycle larger items
-website where items are offered for free instead of being thrown away.

59
Q

Traffic management
-why is traffic congestion a big problem in urban areas?
(environmental, economic and social problems)

A

Environmental problems:
-more traffic, increases air pollution- releases greenhouse gases- climate change

Economic problems:
-congestion can make people late for work and delay deliveries- companies lose money

Social problems:
-high chance of accidents
-causes frustration for drivers
-health issues for cyclists, walkers (breath in fumes)
-delay emergency vehicles.

60
Q

How can public transport reduce traffic congestion?
(example)

A

-less congestion
-less pollution from running cars
e.g. in London:
-the underground system takes 3 million people
off the roads each day
-self-service bikes are available to hire and
cheaper than other public transport methods.

61
Q

How can traffic flow be managed?

A

-ring roads and pedestrianised shopping streets keep traffic away form city centre- making it safer and less polluted
-bus priority lanes stop them being in stuck in traffic.
-parking restrictions make sure parked cars don’t block traffic flow on narrow roads
-congestion chargers discourages drivers from entering the city centre at peak times.

62
Q

Example of managed traffic flow.

A

Curitiba’s Bus rapid transit (BRT) system uses dedicated bus lanes to ensure that journeys are quick
-over 700,000 passengers each day
-main shopping centre is pedestrianised-encouraging people to leave their cars at home.

63
Q

BedZed key facts

A

-UK’s first large-scale mixed use sustainable community
-100 homes
-there is 1 car per 3 people
-save on energy, water and car emissions

-most of the houses and flats are solar heated- excess is sent to local grid
-energy efficient appliances and lighting

-highly insulated and well ventilated
-Eco-village saves water- dual flush toilets, water efficient taps and showers

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