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GCSE Geography > Paper 2 Case Studies > Flashcards

Paper 2 Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a case study for an LIDC?

A

Ethiopia

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2
Q

Describe Ethiopia geologically.

A

landlocked in the Horn of Africa. Capital is Addis Ababa. Mountains, plateaus, lowland deserts. Significant natural resources and lots of agricultural land

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3
Q

Give an overview of Ethiopia’s economic development.

A

pre-2000s, economy was primarily primary sector based. heavily reliant on subsistence farming. Country had low levels of industrialisation and limited access to global markets. Struggled with droughts and famines. Civil war and political instability

post-2000s, rapid economic growth with highest economic growth rates in Africa (around 10% annually). Agriculture is still the backbone of the economy but the government have tried modernising it using things like irrigation systems.

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4
Q

What are some economic challenges Ethiopia faces?

A

poverty, despite growth, still remains one of the poorest countries due to uneven development
inflation, especially in food prices, causing cost of living to increase and many not able to keep up.
trade is diffcicult because it is landlocked
Deeply in debt as they needed money for development

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5
Q

How has Ethiopia socially developed?

A

life expectancy has risen from 47 years in 2000 to about 66 in 2022
infant mortality has decreased by more than half due to improved healthcare and government policies
now many rural areas also have access to healthcare
Government heavily investing in educational infrastructure.
gender gap in education has narrowed and primary school enrolment rates as well as female literacy rates have increased

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6
Q

What kind of population does Ethiopia have?

A

youthful with about 45% under the age of 15.

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7
Q

how has Ethiopia developed environmentally?

A

efforts at sustainable agriculture using afforestation and soil conversion techniques. Ethiopia is still very vulnerable to climate change as it is highly dependant on agriculture and susceptible to droughts affecting the whole country

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8
Q

What are some environmental challenges Ethiopia faces?

A

deforestation driven by agricultural expansion.
soil erosion due to deforestation and poor farming practices.

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9
Q

Describe Ethiopia’s trade profile?

A

exports: primarily agricultural, coffee being the most significant accounting for nearly 1/3 of all export earnings.
Imports: imports lots of goods including machinery, vehicles, food products etc.

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10
Q

What are some trade challenges Ethiopia faces?

A

it is landlocked so heavily reliant on neighbouring countries’ ports for import and export such a Djibouti.
reliant on primary exports

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11
Q

Where is Ethiopia on Rostow’s model and why?

A

pre-conditions to take off
high rates of economic growth
transitioning from primary sector to secondary
major infrastructure projects are being invested in
not quite hit rapid industrialisation yet

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12
Q

Which millennium development goals has Ethiopia worked towards?

A

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
promote gender equality and empower women
reduce child mortality
combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

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13
Q

How has Ethiopia worked towards Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger and what problems does it face?

A

44% lived in extreme poverty in 2000, 20% in 2020
improving food security
improved access to markets
Drought and climate change make it hard to grow crops stably.

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14
Q

How has Ethiopia worked towards promoting gender equality and empowering women and what problems does it face?

A

increased female participation in education, government and the workforce.
women holding 40% of parliamentary seats, one of the highest in Africa
Gender-based violence and unequal access to resources still remains a significant problem

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15
Q

How has Ethiopia worked towards reducing child mortality and what problems does it face?

A

under 5 mortality falling from 166 per 1,000 live births in 2000 to 59 in 2020. immunization programmes and better nutrition
Mortality rate in rural areas still remains high and healthcare is limited in remote regions

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16
Q

How has Ethiopia worked towards combatting diseases and what problems does it face?

A

government implemented large scale public health campaigns, distribution of insecticide treated bed nets
In rural areas, disease such as TB and malaria are still pretty high

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17
Q

What are sources of aid for Ethiopia?

A

governments (e.g. EU)
international organisations (e.g. UN)
NGOs

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18
Q

What are positive effects of aid for Ethiopia?

A

funded critical development programmes, such as school infrastructure and healthcare. Helped reduce poverty and improve social indicators.

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19
Q

What are negative effects of aid on Ethiopia?

A

Ethiopia has become dependant on foreign aid making it unsustainable. Indebted to countries that may exploit them.

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20
Q

What are the impacts of TNCs on Ethiopia?

A

TNCs have heavily invested in Ethiopia and they are a key driver in its economic growth, particularly in the secondary sector.
There are concerns over working conditions, labour rights and pay.
TNCs criticised for exploiting cheap labour and not adhering to local environmental standards.

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21
Q

What are some top-down strategies in Ethiopia?

A

government investing 65% if national income into education, health and infrastructure
$200 million wind turbine facility and hydroelectric power systems have been constructed, but many people have been forcefully displaced and there has been damage to the environment

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22
Q

What is a bottom-up strategy in Ethiopia?

A

Farm Africa has given goats to some communities and educated them in how to take care of the animals and reap the most benefits from them.
goats are good because they can survive in most conditions and give manure and milk
Communities then share this training and donate some of their animals to others when they breed

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23
Q

What are some of Ethiopia’s main trade partners?

A

China Saudi Arabia, USA, EU

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24
Q

What is UK population and what is it predicted to reach in 2030?

A

69.5 million, more than 71 million

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25
How is the UK population ethnically diverse?
13% of population were born in another country in London this value is 37% increased white non-British, black African, and Asians
26
What is the distribution of the ageing population in the UK?
18% is over 65 high in costal areas, lower in cities
27
What is the case study of an economic hub in the UK?
Cambridge
28
Give a fact about companies in Cambridge
Generate over £15.5 billion annually
29
What is the significance of Cambridge to the UK?
world leading uni income 34% above the national income makes net contribution to uk economy 5000 knowledge intensive companies
30
Advantages of Cambridge
leading uni means highly skilled workforce located on main routes to London science park means large TNCs want their businesses there
31
Disadvantage of cambridge
high rental cost makes students move out of cambridge
32
What are some statistics on UK Media exports?
generates £17 billion annually employs nearing 2 million people grown at nearly twice the rate of the economy since 2010
33
Give some statistics on the UK's change in population from 2001 to 2011.
increased by over 4 million to just over 63 million 9.4 to 10.4 million over 65 4.6 to 7.5 million residents born abroad in 2011 largest number of immigrants from India, Poland and Pakistan
34
what is the case study for population change in the UK?
Boston, Lincolnshire
35
Where is Boston?
market town located in east England in the county of Lincolnshire
36
Why has the population of Boston grown faster than other areas?
increase of immigrants from Eastern Europe about 1/10 are from 'new' EU countries, e.g. Poland, lithuania, latvia
37
What is the population change of Boston from 2001 to 2011?
55750 to about 64500 15.9% increase
38
Why did migrants move to Boston?
in search of jobs that are better paid than those at home most migrants are between 20 and 30 many immigrants have found work on farms or in other places with a demand for cheap labour wages may be low by British standards but are enough to send money back home for the immigrants
39
How has Boston changed?
new european shops on the high street schools have to adapt to children whose first language is not english increased pressure on child-care services and healthcare increased employment opportunities in shops and public services
40
Give statistics on the change in the UK's economy
unemployment rose from 1.6million in Jan 2008 to 2.5million in Oct 2009 due to recession economy grew steadily from 2013-2018 to become 11% bigger than it was at the start of the recession on 2008 unemployment fallen from 8% to 4% from 2012 to 2017
41
What is the case study for the UK's involvement in a conflict?
Ukraine conflict
42
Why is there conflict in Ukraine?
in 1991 the soviet union broke up and several new countries formed including Ukraine. East Ukraine see themselves as more Russian and speak Russian, but West Ukraine speak Ukrainian and consider themselves as european. most of East Ukraine want to separate and join Russia and the government are fighting this West supports Ukraine and believe that Russia is supporting these uprisings but Russia is denying these accusations
43
What are the UK's involvements in the Ukrainian conflict?
sanctions in 2018, the UK increased military support by sending Royal Marines to Ukraine in 2019, Royal Navy patrols were increased in the Black Sea to secure Odessa, Ukraine's biggest port In total, the UK has committed £18 billion for Ukraine
44
What are some impacts of the Ukraine conflict?
disrupted agricultural production and supply chains, leading to food shortages and rising prices globally damage to infrastructure rising inflation due to disruption of food and energy supply Disruptions in energy supply from Russia have led to increased energy prices risk of nuclear war 6.5million people displaced increased tensions between the west and russia potentially leading to a new cold war
45
Give some stats about the UK's film industry
in 2022 the UK film industry generated approx. £4 billion in 2021, 106,000 people were employed in the UK film industry
46
What is the case study for the UK's cultural diversity?
the Balti Triangle, Birmingham
47
What is the Balti triangle?
in the south of the city a cluster of about 50 restaurants serving balti dishes important tourist attraction
48
How is Birmingham one of the most multicultural cities in the UK?
about 30% of the population comes from minority ethnic groups, mainly Pakistan, India and the Caribbean world food retail sector is very important in Birmingham many shops offering cultural goods such as clothing and jewellery
49
What is a Balti dish?
combination of meat and/or vegetables cooked with particular spices
50
What are some facts about water on Earth?
2.5% of Earth's water is fresh water and only a fraction of this is on the surface an usable the rest is trapped or inaccessible nearly 2 million people die each year from a lack of safe drinking water
51
How much of the income does the price of food take up?
in Africa and South Asia, price of food can take 55% of income, in Europe and North America it takes 22%
52
What is the global average water footprint per person and why is it so high?
around 3800 litres a day most is used for oily crops, meat production or industrial processes
53
Give a statistic about the change in demand for energy.
the average energy consumption per capita has increased by 10% since 2000
54
How many people live in food poverty in the UK?
in 2023: 7.2million or 11% of the population
55
What are some strategies to increase food security?
reducing overeating and obesity reduce food loss and waste improve forecasting of possible extreme events reducing soil erosion and desertification
56
What are some sustainable strategies to protect food security?
ethical consumerism fairtrade methods of food production technological developments (e.g. GM crops, green revolution, hydroponics)
57
What is fair trade?
global movement started in 1988 now over 2 million farmers involved in over 1900 producer organisations in over 70 countries raises awareness of the goods that are produced and how sustainable they are farmers get paid higher prices than they would traditionally get
58
What is the social premium?
significant aspect of the Fairtrade scheme it is paid to local producer organisations on top of fair pay to be used in projects that benefit farmers, workers and the local community
59
What are GM crops modified to be?
GM crops are genetically modified to have specific characteristics, such as: increased yield enhanced nutritional value improved resistance to pests and diseases tolerance to herbicides or environmental stress like drought
60
What is the green revolution?
The Green Revolution, occurring roughly between the 1940s and 1980s, was a period of significant agricultural advancements and their spread worldwide. It involved the introduction of new farming technologies, including high-yielding varieties of crops, irrigation systems, pesticides, and fertilizers, leading to a dramatic increase in food production
61
Was the green revolution seen as a long-term success and why?
no because could not afford the increased investment for increased yield health problems emerged use of machinery meant loss of some jobs increased production meant lower prices of food so farmers were earning less per amount of food
62
What is hydroponics?
system where plants grow in nutrient-rich water or gels can be organised very close to each other in vertical 'walls' with artificial lighting and heating food could be grown indoors, underground or in unused buildings
63
What are some bottom-up approaches to food security?
urban gardens permaculture Goat Cycle
64
What are urban gardens?
projects where individuals or small co-operatives work together to grow food and promote healthy eating a large part of many cities could be used this way
65
What are the benefits of urban gardens?
food grown is sold to local restaurants and farmers' markets community events are held and local school children help on the farm and learn about food production
66
What is permaculture?
the way crops are planted and soils are managed so they can be used indefinitely done by mimicking natural ecosystems typically operate on a small-scale farm great care taken of soil health planting nitrogen-fixing plants instead of using fertiliser
67
What is the 'Goat Cycle'?
Oxfam lets people 'gift' a goat for £25 to people in need goats distributed are vaccinated and locally-sourced
68
Why is the 'Goat Cycle' good?
provides owners with manure and milk as well as birth other goats which can be sold it is a sustainable 'gift' tough creature that can survive in most conditions
69
Why is the 'Goat Cycle' bad?
areas where the goats are being provided are already suffering from water shortages and desertification over-grazing from goats some say scheme is designed to ease the conscience of people in the UK rather than truly help those in need
70
How successful are allotments in achieving food security in the UK?
families can easily grow food here locally sourced food reduces food miles to a minimum provides a positive use of open space Sheffield University Study in 2014 showed that the quality of soil on allotments is better than most commercial arable farms

GCSE Geography (12 decks)

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