Dynamic Development Flashcards
(32 cards)
What are the 3 classifications of countries in terms of development?
advanced country (AC)
emerging developing country (EDC)
low-income developing country (LIDC)
how can development be measured?
Socially and economically
What are 4 measures of social development?
infant mortality
birth rate
literacy rate
doctors per 1000
death rate
life expectancy
What are 3 measures of economic development?
gross national income (GNI) per capita
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
standard of living
employment type
What is a composite measure of development and give an example?
it measures development after taking into account other measures of development and reaching an overall conclusion. e.g. Human development index (HDI)
What are some human factors that can affect development?
politics
culture
technology
healthcare
history
What are 4 barriers to breaking away from poverty?
Debt
Trade
political unrest and corruption
Health
What is a trade surplus and a trade deficit?
surplus: more export than import (earning)
deficit: less exports than imports (losing)
What are 2 strategies countries can use to break away from poverty?
top down
bottom up
What are the characteristics of top down strategies?
government led
large scale
usually expensive - often require loans
often focus on big industries and infrastructure
What are the characteristics of bottom up strategies?
led by locals
community controlled but may work with NGOs
usually small scale
cheaper
often focus on local business or housing
What are the 4 types of aid?
official government aid
multilateral aid
bilateral aid
voluntary aid
What is official government aid?
given directly from one government to another, the receiving government controls spending
what is multilateral aid?
provided by many countries and organised by an organisation such as the UN
what is bilateral aid?
the receiving country has to give something back to the country in exchange for aid (usually illegal).
what is voluntary aid?
given by individuals to NGOs or charities, which direct the aid into the right place
What are the stages to Rostow’s model of development?
1) traditional society
2) pre-conditions to take off
3) take-off
4) drive to maturity
5) high mass consumption
What are the features of traditional society in Rostow’s model?
economies based off of subsistence farming, primary industry mainly agriculture.
economy vulnerable to weather and climate
What are the features of pre-conditions for take-off in Rostow’s model?
people start trading because they have surplus, the increased profit goes into improving infrastructure and trade, which increases profit further. Transitioning to secondary sector and government encourages TNCs to invest
What are the features of take off in Rostow’s model?
industrialisation and rapid shift to secondary sector. TNCs dominate the economy, causing exploitation of labour and environmental damage. Investment in services and infrastructure. Urbanisation due to migration, may cause inequality and wealth gap.
What are the features of drive to maturity in Rostow’s model?
country becomes more self-sufficient and economy diversifies. Rapid urbanisation, which may lead to congestion and overpopulation. Improved education leads to more tertiary sector jobs and quaternary sector jobs start to appear. Very few people work in primary as goods can be cheaply imported from elsewhere
What are the features of high mass consumption in Rostow’s model?
tertiary sector dominates economy. Wealthier population, increased consumption of high-value goods such as cars, designer goods etc.
How does employment type change as a country develops?
primary decreases
secondary increases then starts decreasing after stage 3
tertiary increases
quaternary is introduced and starts increasing from stage 4
What is the development gap?
increase in income for poor is only about $3 annually but for the rich it is much more
