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History GCSE > Paper 2: Elizabeth > Flashcards

Paper 2: Elizabeth Flashcards

1
Q

Why did Elizabeth establish Religious Settlements?

A

Wanted to find a comprimise - establishing form of Protestantism that Catholics could accept without feeling forced to choose between loyalty to their religion and their queen.

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2
Q

When was Religious Settlement established?

A

1559

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3
Q

3 parts of Religious Settlement

A
  • ACT OF SUPREMACY: Made E supreme governor of the CoE - all clergy & royal officials had to swear an oath of allegiance to her as Head of the Church - those whose loyalty was in doubt would be punished.
  • ACT OF UNIFORMITY: Established middle way that both Cath & Pro could accept. Enforced appearance of churches & form of services they held. Ordered everyone to attend church on a Sunday/holy days or fined 1 shilling per absence.
  • THE ROYAL INJUNCTIONS: Set of instructions issued by Sir William Cecil to clergy, reinforced acts of Supremacy & Uniformity.
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4
Q

Why did Catholics favour Religious Settlement?

A
  • Could still believe in transubstantiation (conversion of bodyblood of Christ)
  • Supported use of images in churches
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5
Q

Why did Protestants favour Religious Settlement?

A
  • Bible/prayer books now in English
  • Control of pope ended
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6
Q

Causes of Spanish Armada

A

POLITICS:
- Treaty of Joinville, 1584: Philip II agreement w French to help against French Prots - Cath France & Spain allies against Prot
- Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585: E signed w Dutch Prots - effectively put England & Spain at war

ENG JEALOUSY OF SPANISH EMPIRE:
- Many pirates & privateers attacked/stole from Spanish ships - Drake (E’s privateer) attacked Spanish colonies in New World. (April 1587, Drake sailed into Cadiz Harbour, destroyed 30 Spanish ships & large amount of their supplies - delayed Spanish preparations to invade Eng by yr, giving Eng more time. Referred to as ‘singeing King of Spain’s beard’)

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7
Q

Features of Spanish Armada

A
  • 130 ships, 30,000 men - largest fleet Europe had ever seen
  • Philip II’s strategy: sail along English Channel to Netherlands under command of Duke of Medina Sidonia, where would join up w Duke of Parma - together transporting 27,000 troops, Parma would march to Eng, depose E & impose new, Cath government.
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8
Q

Why was Spanish Armada defeated?

A
  • ENG SHIP DESIGN: new galleons were one of best warships in world - easier & faster to manoevure, decks had enough space for cannon to recoil & be quickly reloaded, meaning ships could fire more cannon balls at Spanish w more speed/efficiency.
  • PLANNING/COMMUNICATION ISSUS: DoP did not control any deep sea ports - had to use small ships (48hrs to load/set sail). DoMS & DoP had to communicate by sea (took a week for word to reach DoP that MS was in Channel)
  • WEATHER: strong winds (Protestant winds), heavy rain. Storm broke up Spanish fleet - wind blew ships north ruining ‘crescent’ formation
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9
Q

Consequences of Spanish Armada defeat

A
  • Great boost to Eng pride, showed strength/skills of Eng navy
  • Cost Spanish large sum - financially & politically
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10
Q

Problems of Mary, Queen of Scots

A
  • Mary, unlike Elizabeth, had legitimate claim to throne. Eliz illegitimate bc mother is Ann Bolyen - child from wedlock cannot be throned (bastard)
  • Mary was Cath - Elizabeth had previously converted Eng to Protestantism, leaving many Caths disgruntled - Cath monarch would have appealed to the Eng population.
  • Was focus of several plots to depose E after fleeing to Eng in 1568. Mary’s French family, the Guise, were extremely powerful, and supported the plots against E - threat to E as she was not powerful enough to take on the French.
  • Mary had male heir to throne (James) - better option for the long term future of Eng.
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11
Q

Different types of poor

A

Impotent poor = ‘deserving’ - unable to work due to factors out of their control (more sympathy)

Able poor = ‘idle’ - able to work but not willing to (treated harshly)

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12
Q

Reasons for poverty: POPULATION GROWTH

A

During reign of E, population grew by 35%. London became fastest growing city in Eng (10x bigger than size of Eng’s 2nd biggest city, Norwich)

Urban pop of these growing towns & cities needed food, which was grown in countryside & brought into urban areas for sale. There were more ppl to feed/provide for in the constantly growing population, but a lack of resources to do so.

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13
Q

Reasons for poverty: RISING PRICES

A

Prices of food rose as became increasingly difficult to access due to food production growing much slower than population (Bread was basis of most ppls diets & grain prices rose fastest of all)

Also led to poverty as wages did not rise as fast as prices - many landowners & employers cut wages to keep their costs down.

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14
Q

Reasons for poverty: SHEEP FARMING

A

English wool & woollen cloth accounted for 81.6% of Eng’s exports during E’s reign - meant sheep farming became very profitable.

Farming sheep did not require much labour as growing crops so rural unemployment rose.

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15
Q

Reasons for poverty: ENCLOSURE

A

Meant replacing large, open fields farmed by villagers, w individual fields belonging to one person - led to small farms being merged & tenant farmers evicted.

Resulted in unemployment & rural depopulation. Benefitted landowners whilst ordinary farm labourers/those unable to afford increased rents suffered.

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16
Q

Policies towards the poor

A
  • Vagabonds Act, 1572: to deter vagrancy - beggars sent to House of Correction
  • Poor Relief Act, 1576: to help able bodied poor find work. Elderly & sick given Alms houses to live in
17
Q

Puritan challenges to Religious Settlement

A
  • CRUCIFIX CONTROVERSY: RS demanded all churches should have crucifix - E wanted churches to keep their familiar look & feel. Puritans against idols. When some Puritan bishops threatend to resign, E backed down - couldnt afford to lose any Prot clergymen.
  • VESTMENT CONTROVERSY: Some Puritans thought priests should not wear special clothing, others believed it should be very plain & simple - suggested priests were set apart from ordinary ppl, which indeed they were in Catholicism, Prots did not agree.
18
Q

Catholic challenges to Religious Settlement

A
  • In 1566, pope issed instruction that Eng Caths shouldnt attend CoE services. However E did not want to create martyrs & ignored smaller examples of disobedience by enforcing punishments.
  • Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland & Charles Neville, Earl of Westmoreland had been prosperous under Mary I, when E became queen, found their influence at court greatly reduced. Many Eng nobility in North of Eng were recusants (Caths that refused to attend Elizabethan church services).
  • Although most rebellions successfully taken down by E, she realised danger/threat of Caths.
19
Q

Foreign powers challenges to Religious Settlement

A
  • Globally leading Cath powers (France & Spain) posed a threat to E’s settlement
  • When religious war broke out in France in 1562, E was concerned abt its potential to threaten her position by encouraging religious conflicts in England
  • Spain’s military presence in Netherlands during Dutch Revolt was clear threat to E
20
Q

When was the Revolt of the Northern Earls?

A

1569-70

21
Q

Causes of Revolt of the Northern Earls

A
  • Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk; Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland; Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland wanted Catholicism restored in Eng
  • The Earls had lost a great deal of their influence at court since E became queen in 1558.
  • Mary, in captivity in Eng, was a figurehead who could potentially replace E - resolving problems Earls faced.
22
Q

Main events of Revolt of the Northern Earls

A
  • Plan was to marry Mary, QoS, to the Duke of Norfolk, and dispose Elizabeth.
  • Norfolk arrested & sent to Tower of London when E found out about the plots.
  • Upon hearing news, the Earl of Westmorland & the Earl of Northumberland gathered their forces w over 4,500 men - stormed the cathedral, destroying the Eng Bible and Prot communion table.
  • They celebrated a Cath mass (illegal)
  • Failed (poor planning/leadership)
23
Q

When was the Ridolfi Plot?

A

1571

24
Q

Main events of Ridolfi Plot

A
  • Roberto Ridolfi (one of Pope’s spies) arranged plot to murder E, launch Spanish invasion & put Mary,QoS, on the throne - plan was for Mary to marry Duke of Norfolk.
  • Sir William Cecil uncovered the plot & had enough evidence to prove that Norfolk was guilty of plotting against E again (treason).
  • Parliament met in May 1572 - demanded execution of both Norfolk and Mary. E signed Norfolk’s death warrant & he was executed in June 1572, but would not take action against Mary.
25
Q

Consequences of Ridolfi Plot

A
  • Reinforced threat posed by Mary & Caths, both home and abroad
  • Reinforced threat to Emg from Spain, E”s anxiety about Spain’s intentions grew
26
Q

When was the Throckmorton Plot?

A

1583

27
Q

Main events of Throckmorton Plot

A
  • Planned for French Duke of Guise to invade Eng, free Mary, overthrow E & restore Catholicism
  • Philip II would provide financial support. A young Englishman, Francis Throckmorton, was to act as a messenger to Mary. (Pope approved of plans)
  • Sir Francis Walsingham, E’s Secretary of State, uncovered plot - his agents found incriminating papers at Throckmorton’s house.

Throckmorton arrested, tortured, and executed in May 1584.

28
Q

Consequence of Throckmorton Plot

A
  • Emphasised threat of foreign, Catholic powers, Eng Caths and Mary.
  • Showed potential threat if forces of Spain & France were to combine in future.
29
Q

When was the Babington Plot?

A

1586

30
Q

Main events of Babington Plot

A
  • Plan was for Duke of Guise to invade Eng w 60,000 men, murder E & put Mary on throne - both Philip & Pope supported
  • Anthony Babington (Catholic w links to the French) wrote to Mary in July 1586 about the plot - Mary was being closely watched & her letters were being intercepted by Sir Francis Walsingham.
  • Once he had gained sufficient details about plot, (names of 6 Catholics prepared to assassinate E), everyone involved arrested. Babington & his accomplices were hanged, drawn & quatered.
  • Oct 1586 - Mary finally tried by Privy Council & found guilty after so many plots - sentenced to death. E, again hesitating, did not sign warrant until Feb 1587 - Mary executed on 8th Feb 1587.
31
Q

Consequence of Babington Plot

A
  • E’s government became determined to crush Catholicism - mass arrests of recusants in Eng, 31 Popes executed.
  • Mary’s execution ended any & all hope of replacing E with a Cath heir
32
Q

Reasons of Mary’s execution

A
  • Walsingham provided sufficient evidence of her involvement in plots
  • Rumours of imminent attack from Spain reinforced threat posed by Mary
33
Q

Consequences of Mary’s execution

A

Elizabeth: upset, enforced new harsh treatment of Caths. Relieved (important threat removed)

Eng Catholics: angered, lost hope of Cath monarch

Relations w Spain: already bad, worsened - gave Philip more reason to want to remove E

History GCSE (9 decks)

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