Paper 2- Halogenoalkanes

Question 1

What is a primary halogenoalkane?

Answer 1

One alkyl group attached to the carbon with the halogen atom

Question 2

What is a secondary halogenoalkane?

Answer 2

Two alkyl groups attached to the carbon with the halogen atom

Question 3

What is a tertiary halogenoalkane?

Answer 3

Three alkyl groups attached to the carbon with the halogen atom

Question 4

Is the carbon-halogen bond polar?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What does a curly arrow indicate?

Answer 5

The movement of electrons

Question 6

What is a mechanism?

Answer 6

The pathway that a chemical reaction takes in order to convert the reactants into the products

Question 7

What is nucleophilic substitution?

Answer 7

A reaction in which a molecule with a partially positive charge is attacked by a nucleophile, and a leaving group is replaced by the nucleophile

Question 8

What is a nucleophile?

Answer 8

An electron pair donor

Question 9

What is an intermediate?

Answer 9

A short-lived, highly reactive molecule
Will be quickly converted into a more stable molecule

Question 10

What is a reagent?

Answer 10

A substance used in a chemical reaction (the one in a bottle)

Question 11

What is the reagent in nucleophilic substitution by hydroxide ions?

Answer 11

Sodium hydroxide

Question 12

What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution by hydroxide ions?

Answer 12

Aqueous sodium hydroxide and ethanol

Question 13

What is the reagent for nucleophilic substitution by cyanide ions?

Answer 13

Sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide

Question 14

What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution by cyanide ions?

Answer 14

Reagent dissolved in aqueous ethanol and refluxed

Question 15

What are conditions for using a nitrile to produce a carboxylic acid?

Answer 15

Nitrile is heated under reflux with hydrochloric acid

Question 16

What is the equation for using a nitrile to produce a carboxylic acid?

Answer 16

CH3CN + 2H2O + HCl –> CH3COOH + NH4Cl

Question 17

What is the reagent in using a nitrile in the production of amines?

Answer 17

Hydrogen

Question 18

What are the conditions for using a nitrile to produce amines?

Answer 18

Ni acts as a catalyst

Question 19

What is the equation for using a nitrile to produce amines?

Answer 19

CH3CN + 2H2 –> CH3CH2NH2

Question 20

What is the reagent for nucleophilic substitution by ammonia?

Answer 20

Ammonia

Question 21

What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution by ammonia?

Answer 21

Warm excess of concentrated ammonia in ethanol

Question 22

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 22

The braking up of a molecule by the addition of water

Question 23

What is hydration?

Answer 23

When water is added to an unsaturated substance

Question 24

What is the most important factor in the reactivity of the C-X bond?

Answer 24

The bond enthalpy

Question 25

Are shorter or longer covalent bonds stronger?

Answer 25

Shorter

Question 26

Which type of halogenoalkanes react fastest, tertiary or primary?

Answer 26

Tertiary

Question 27

What are the products of an elimination reaction?

Answer 27

An alkene and a metal halide

Question 28

What is the role of a hydroxide ion in an elimination reaction?

Answer 28

It is a base (electron acceptor)

Question 29

What are the conditions for an elimination reaction?

Answer 29

Hot anhydrous ethanol