Paper 3

Question 1

Sampling techniques

Answer 1

Random-Everyone in the chosen population has an equal chance of being pulled
Stratified-Used when the researchers need to be sure there are participants in each of the catagories of interest
Volunteer-All participanyts have put themselves forward ^less time consuming
Opportunity-Based on convenience and people from the target population used are those available at the time.

Question 2

What are the different types of errors in statistical tests?

Answer 2

Type 1- A false positive when a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis. Also known as a false alarm.
Type 2- A false negative, occurs when you accept the null hypothesis when it should be rejected.

Question 3

Different types of experiments

Answer 3

Laboratory experiment - Takes place in an artificial setting
Field experiment - they are in a natural setting and situation so the results show greater validity.
Natural experiment - Same as a field experiment except no IV is being manipulated

Question 4

Adv and Dadv of laboratory experiment

Answer 4

^Lot of control means can be repeated for reliability
^Control means a cause and effect conclusions are possible
-Data lacks validity as the setting is artificial
-Reducing what is studied to a few conditions

Question 5

Adv and Dadv of field experiments

Answer 5

^More validity due to setting not being controlled
^Other controls so there can be reliability
-Lack of control means it lacks reliability
-Less generalisable if in a specific setting

Question 6

Experimental/Participant designs

Answer 6

Independent groups- Different participants for each condition. Means participants dont get tired as they are doing one condition
Repeated measure- Same participants are used in all the conditions in a study. Fatigue effect and practice effect
Matched pairs- Different participants do different conditions but they are matched on important variable such as age, gender etc

Question 7

Fatigue effect and practice effect

Answer 7

Fatigue effect- One person doing all conditions might make them tired after the first one effecting the results
Practice effect- A person may get better at doing the study after the first condition.

Question 8

Adv and Dadv of independent groups

Answer 8

^No order effects like fatigue or practice
^Easier to administer because it does not take as long for each participant
-Study needs more participants which can affect ethics
-May be differences between individuals in each condition giving bias in results

Question 9

Adv and Dadv repeated measures

Answer 9

^Participant variables are less of a problem as the same person does all the conditions
^Fewer participants are needed so study can be run quicker
-There can be order effects which effect the results
-Participant may show demand characteristics

Question 10

Adv and Dadv of matched pairs

Answer 10

^Helps to control for individual differences so that participant variable do not affect results.
^There will not be order effects as there are in repeated measures
-Participants are still different and these differences might affect results
-Researcher might not match participants correctly

Question 11

Demand characteristics

Answer 11

Cues that might indicate the studies aims to participants

Question 12

Structured observations

Answer 12

-When a situation is set up to be observed rather than someone observing a natural situation ‘in action’

Question 13

Adv and Dadv of Structured observations

Answer 13

^Standardisation is used so reliability can be tested for
^Coding and tallying means that firmer conclusions can be drawn than when qualitative data
-Validity can be a problem because of demand characteristics, participants know they are watched
-Validity is negatively affected by the structured situation.

Question 14

Naturalistic observations

Answer 14

-Researcher observes participants in their natural setting without interfering

Question 15

Adv and Dadv of naturalistic observations

Answer 15

^Good ecological validity because it is the natural situation and setting observed
^Further ideas for further research can be generated
-Hard to generalise as specific and possibly unique situations are studied

Question 16

Longitudinal study

Answer 16

-A study where participants are researched over time and scores noted so that their development over time can be charted.
-Participant variables are controlled by people can drop out which can affect representatives of a sample

Question 17

Cross-sectional

Answer 17

-Study where different groups are studied at one moment in time, such as different age groups are studied together

Question 18

Cross-cultural design

Answer 18

-Methods which involve using using participants in different cultures so that they can be compared to look for similarities and differences between cultures

Question 19

Types of interviews

Answer 19

Structured - Closed and determined so that a respondent has no option and does not lead the direction of the interview
Semi-structured - Includes some fixed questions and some structure regarding what will be asked, room for respondent to lead the direction on the questions
Unstructured - Open for the respondent to lead the questions and the course of the interview

Question 20

Questionaires

Answer 20

Consists of open and closed questions
Open - Long winded answers with the participants opinion
Closed - Short answer ranging between two numbers e.g. a scale 1-10

Question 21

Measures of central tendency

Answer 21

-Mode
-Median
-Mean

Question 22

What are the issues and debates

Answer 22

Nature Vs Nurture
Ethics
Use of psychology as a science
Culture
Socially sensitive research