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MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY (Mrs. Lucia Rigos) > Paraffin Technique, Cells, Epithelium > Flashcards

Paraffin Technique, Cells, Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE STUDY
OF HISTOLOGY

A
  1. TISSUE CASSETTE/MOULDER
  2. PARAFFIN DISPENSER
  3. TISSUE BLOCK CUTTER
  4. ROTARY MICROTOME
  5. MICROTOME BLADES
  6. TISSUE FLOATER
  7. TISSUE SLIDE DRYER
  8. MICROSCOPE
  9. AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR
  10. H & E STAIN
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2
Q

➢ Acquisition of tissue samples

A

• From the slaughterhouse or thru biopsy
• The most critical step (time)
• Size of tissue to be collected –
match box

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3
Q

➢Fixation of tissue samples

A

 Fixatives denature the protein contents and inactivates the
enzymes of the tissue thereby rendering a almost in vivo condition
 Formaldehyde, picric acid, osmic acid, mercuric chloride, acetone
are common simple fixative
 However, no single fixative is commonly used
 10% NBF is the most commonly used
 Length of fixation depends on the size of the tissue

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4
Q

➢ Washing of fixed tissues

A

• Removal of excess fixative through running water

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5
Q

➢Dehydration of washed tissue

A

• Immersion of washed tissue to increasing concentration of alcohol (70-100% ethyl alcohol) to remove excess water.

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6
Q

➢Clearing of dehydrated tissue

A

 The removal of alcohol that has been introduced during dehydration
 Alcohol is not miscible with the paraffin embedding medium and should be removed
 Xylene is the most commonly used clearing agent

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7
Q

➢Impregnation/infiltration of cleared tissue

A

•Immersion of cleared tissue to paraffin solution that may permit cutting of thin sections w/out damage to tissue and
its cellular components

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8
Q

➢Embedding/casting/blocking

A

•Impregnated tissue is placed in molder or boat filled with melted paraffin and allowed to solidify to form block

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9
Q

➢Trimming of tissue blocks

A

•Paraffin blocks are then cut of excess paraffin to expose the tissue surface in preparation for actual
cutting

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10
Q

➢Sectioning of tissue blocks

A

•The cutting of tissue block into thin sections ( 5-7 microns) with the aid of a microtome, sections tend to form tissue ribbons

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11
Q

➢Mounting of tissue sections into glass slides

A

•Tissue” ribbons” are floated in warm water bath to stretch or flatten them
•Selected sections are then mounted onto a glass slides and allowed to dry ( air or oven)

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12
Q

The removal of paraffin from the tissue sections by immersion to xylene.

A

Deparaffinization

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13
Q

Introduction of water to deparaffinized sections through decreasing concentrations of alcohol (100-70%) to water in preparation for staining.

A

Rehydration

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14
Q

Routinely used is the H & E stain

  • Basic dye Hematoxylin react with the acidic components of the cell, the nucleus which stains blue
  • Acidic dye Eosin react to the basic cellular components of the cell, the cytoplasm that colors pink to red
A

Staining with acid/base dyes

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15
Q

Staining Process

A
  1. Deparaffinization
  2. Rehydration
  3. Staining with acid/base dyes
  4. Washing
  5. Dehydration
  6. Clearing
  7. Mounting
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16
Q

The smallest and basic unit structure of a protoplasm that can exist independently.

A

Cell

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17
Q

The collective term for the living substance of the cell of a plant or an animal.

A

Protoplasm

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18
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions occurring
within the cell.

A

Metabolism

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19
Q

A reaction resulting from the synthesis of new molecular components essential for growth, maintenance and repair

A

Anabolism

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20
Q

A reaction resulting to the degradation of cellular components with the release of energy

A

Catabolism

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21
Q

The ability of the cell to respond to stimuli in their
environment

A

Irritability

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22
Q

The ability of the cell to shorten along their long axes (special property of muscle)

A

Contractility

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23
Q

The ability of the cell to elaborate useful new substances.

Example - secretion of the hepatocytes of bile, pancreatic juice by the pancreas

A

Secretion

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24
Q

The ability of the cell to get rid of the waste product of metabolism.

Ex. Urine by the kidney, feces by the GIT

A

Excretion

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25
Q

The ability of the cell to transmit impulses along their cell membrane (special property of nerve cells)

A

Conductivity

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26
Q

A process by which materials gain access to the cell either by diffusion or pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis

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27
Q

“Pinching off of the cell membrane”.

A

Pinocytosis

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28
Q

Engulfment and uptake of particulate matter

A

Phagocytosis

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29
Q

The exit of materials from the cell

A

Exocytosis

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30
Q

Cell size varies per cell

A

❑ Sperm 3-5 µm
❑ RBC 5 – 7 µm
❑ Hepatocyte 30 – 50 µm
❑ Egg cell – 100 µm

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31
Q

CELL SIDES/SURFACES

A

❑ Apical
❑ Lateral
❑ Basal
❖ Polarized

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32
Q

Cell is divided into:

A

❑ Cytoplasm
❑ Nucleus

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33
Q

o Number varies from 1,2 or several to none at all as in the case of
mammalian RBC

o Shape also varies from round,
crescent shape or lobulated as in the
case of some WBC

o Position varies also from central,
paracentral to eccentrical location

o An interphase nucleus has four distinct

components:
• Nuclear membrane or envelope
• Karyolymph or nuclear sap
• Chromatin
• Nucleolus

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

A darkly basophilic membrane

▪ ultrastructurally, an outer and inner membrane exists separated by a
perinuclear space or cisterna

▪ perinuclear space and outer
membrane are contious with the RER

A

Nuclear membrane

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35
Q

The matrix of the nucleus and the soluble
phase of the nuclear material

A

Nuclear sap or karyolymph

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36
Q

A term used to describe any area in the nucleus suspected to contain DNA and its bound proteins

A

Chromatin

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37
Q

The condensed form of chromatin which stains deeply with basic dyes and is metabolically inert

A

Heterochromatin

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38
Q

A distinguishable heterochromatin believed to contain
the X chromosome

A

Barr body

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39
Q

non- membrane bound component of the nucleus which may occur freely or attached to the inner nuclear
membrane

✓composed of granular and
filamentous materials both of
which contain RNA

✓Is the center for the synthesis of
RNA (ribosomes)

✓May occur singly or more in the
cell and this determines the
malignancy of a cell

A

Nucleolus

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40
Q

Gen’ly is acidophilic composed
of three major constituents:
• grounsubstance/hyaloplasm/cytoplasm matrix,
• organelles and
• inclusion bodies

A

Cytoplasm

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41
Q

An admixture of H2O, CHON,CHO, organic and inorganic salts

A

Ground substance

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42
Q

The only non-membranous cell organelle

•synthesize proteins for intracellular use
• are RNA containing bodies in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell
• in the nucleus, they are found in the nuclear matrix of the nucleolus
• in the cytoplasm, they occur as free ribosomes individually or in groups called polyribosomes or polysomes or attached to the RER

A

Ribosomes

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43
Q

The membranous organelles :

A

▪ Cell membrane/plasma memb/ plasmalemma and cell coat
▪ Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth & rough)
▪ Golgi apparatus
▪ Mitochondria
▪ Lysosomes

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44
Q

25-75% of the weight of cell membrane

Distinguished according to function
❑ Structural proteins
❑ Ectoenzymes
❑ Transportation proteins
❑ Receptors

A

Membrane Protein

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45
Q

2-10% of the weight of cell membrane; covalently bound to
membrane proteins (glycoproteins) or membrane lipids (glycolipids)

A

Membrane Carbohydrates

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46
Q

All the carbohydrate chains at the surface of a cell

❑ Location of blood group properties
❑ Binding site for pathogens and toxin
❑ Cell-cell recognition
❑ Cell adhesion

A

Glycocalyx

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47
Q

A system of hollow structures either
tubules or flattened vesicles
(cisterna) extending throughout
the cytoplasm.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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48
Q

Continuous with the nuclear
membrane studded with ribosomes (appears basophilic due to ribonucleoproteins )

Functions:
1. Protein synthesis destined for secretion
( e.g. digestive enzyme)
2. Glycogen biosynthesis
3. prod’n of degrative enzymes e.g.
glucose-6- PO4

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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49
Q

–not studded with ribosomes, thus has no distinct staining characteristics
- less extensive than RER except in
certain cells like hepatocytes

Functions:
1. Participates in glycogen metabolism,
synthesis
2. Participates in ion concentration,
distribution and detoxification of certain
substances
3. Believed to contribute to the formation of
golgi apparatus

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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50
Q
  • has a lamellated profile (4 or more) usually dilated sacks or cisternae; has 2 faces:
  1. convex face or immature/ formative/trans face- closely associated with transfer vesicle from RER
  2. concave or mature/open/cis face- intimately associated with secretory vesicles in various stages of condensation and maturation

Functions:
1. Participates in the dynamic turnover of cell membrane
2. Participates in the concentration and packaging of secretory products
3.synthesize polysaccharides
4. Repository of vitamin C
5. Participates in the formation of lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus

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51
Q

•appears as thread or granules which could be stained specifically with
special stain called janus green B

• number varies in the cell depending on the energy requirements of the cell

•ultrastucturally, mitochondria appears as double membrane structure composed of outer and inner walls

• inner wall forms plate like or tubular folds called mitochondrial cristae

Functions:
1. Site of kreb’s citric acid cycle
2. Contains enzymes for oxidative
phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation
3. Contains DNA & RNA thus possessing
some genetic and protein synthetic potentials

A

Mitochondria

52
Q

▪ this membrane bound particles
contain hydrolytic enzymescollectively called acid hydrolases

▪ specific granules of the basophils,
eosinophils and neutrophils are
representative of lysosomes believed
to come from golgi apparatus as
primary or inactive lysosomes

Functions:
1. intracellular digestion of materials
taken in by the cells
2. autolysis
3. post mortem degeneration

A

Lysosome

53
Q
  • are two small bodies contained within an area of the cytoplasm known as centrosphere
  • ultra-structurally, are seen as two cylindrical unit oriented to each other
  • each cylinder is composed of nine groups of three tubules
A

Centrioles

54
Q
  • composed of proteins, tubulin which are similar to the action of muscle cell: are found in cilia, flagella and spermatids
  • ultra-structure of cilia is composed of 9 doublets (axonemes) connected by nexin and 2 microtubule singlet

• A microtubule (13 protofilaments; complete)
•
B microtubule (11 protofilaments; incomplete)

A

Microtubules

55
Q

❑ Either absorbed or generated
❑ Pigments, reserved and stored
materials

A

Inclusion bodies

56
Q

finger-shaped; strengthened by 20-30 actin filaments; immobile or passively mobile; brush border
(intestinal cells)

A

Microvilli

57
Q

long; finger-shaped; apical border of
columnar cells (epididymal epithelium and hair cells in inner
ear)

A

Stereocilia/villi

58
Q

ridge-like folds (lateral or apical cell membrane)

A

Microplicae

59
Q

motile; lash-shaped; can occur singly (spermatozoa) or in complexes (epithelium of fallopian tube and trachea)

A

Cilia

60
Q

mechanically attaching cells to other cells or to extracellular matrix

A

Anchoring Junction

61
Q

button-like cell-cell contacts occur in epithelial cells. (Intermediate filaments)

A

Desmosome (macula adhaerens)

62
Q

connection of cells to the extracellular matrix (actin filaments)

A

Hemidesmosome

63
Q

mechanically attaching cells
to other cells or to ECM

A

Anchoring Junction

64
Q

belt desomosome; with bundles of parallel actin filaments

A

Adhesion junction- (zonula adhaerens)

65
Q

Integral membrane proteins which form an extracellular connection with the same (homophile) or other
(heterophile) integral membrane proteins

A

Adhesion Proteins

66
Q

It can adhere only in the presence of Calcium

A

Cadherin

67
Q

The glucose-binding protein

A

Selectin

68
Q

It allows cell to adhere to ECM

A

Integrin

69
Q

Transcellular
protein channels composed of 6 connexins

Function - Metabolic coordination,
electrical coupling

A

Connexon (hemichannel)

70
Q

Strands of globular transmembrane protein sealing the intercellular gap

A

Zonula Occludens (Tight Junction)

71
Q

Internal supporting and movement apparatus

Function:
❑ Modification and maintenance of cell shape
❑ Specialized cell appendages
❑ Directed intercellular transportation
❑ Positioning of the cell nucleus and other organelles
❑ Cell motility
❑ Cell division

A

CYTOSKELETON

72
Q

❑ 5-8nm thick
❑ 5-20% of total protein; present in all cells
❑ Actin is the basic unit
❑ Globular actin — Filamentary actin

A

Actin Filaments

73
Q

❑ 8-10nm thick
❑ Protein subunit with tail and head
section
❑ Monomer- dimer- tetramer—
intermediate filament
❑ Globular actin — Filamentary actin

A

Intermediate Filaments

74
Q

❑ 25nm thick
❑ α and β-tubulin dimers
❑ 13 protofilaments— microtubule

Tubulin is highly conserved protein

A

Microtubules

75
Q

Specialization of cells

A

• Muscle cell – contraction
• Nerve cells – impulse transmission
• Gland cells – synthesis and discharge of enzymes
• Macrophage – intracellular digestion

76
Q

Differentiate into any cell type

A

Totipotent

77
Q

Differentiate into cells from any of the three germ layers

A

Pluripotent

78
Q

❑ Extracellular matrix
- Collagen fibers, interstitial fluid

❑Basement membrane

A

INTERCELLULAR SUBSTANCE

79
Q

•A group of more or less similar cells and their extracellular products
performing a variety of related functions

A

TISSUE

80
Q

Four basic type of tissue

A

o Epithelial tissue
o Connective and supportive tissue
o Muscle tissue
o Nervous tissue

81
Q

Living components of the tissue

A

Cell

82
Q

Non- living materials produced by the cells

A

Intercellular substance

83
Q

Liquid component of the tissue located between cells.

▪ Cerebro-spinal fluid
▪ Synovial fluid
▪ Blood

A

Fluids

84
Q

Fibrous in nature
• Collagen
• Elastic
• Reticular fibers

A

Formed substance

85
Q

A semi solid to firm gel in consistency

A

Amorphous substance

86
Q

Free border

A

▪ Apical or luminal

87
Q

Surface in contact with adjacent cells

A

▪Lateral

88
Q

Border in contact with the underlying basal lamina

A

▪Basal

89
Q

A tissue composed of closely aggregated cells in opposition over a
large part of their surfaces and having a very little intercellular space.

A

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

90
Q

No blood supply of its own

A

Avascular

91
Q

Three Major types of Epithelial Tissue

A

1.Covering (surface) and lining epithelium-
2.Special epithelium
3.Glandular epithelium

92
Q

Basis in naming epithelium

A

▪ Shape of surface cell
▪ Number of cell layer

93
Q

Contain only one layer of cell

A

Simple epithelium

94
Q

Has two or more layers of cell

A

Stratified epithelium

95
Q

(false) consists only of a single layer of that rest on the basal lamina but not all reaching the apical surface.
Cells reaching the apical surface are tall columnar cells with nuclei located on a higher level while those not reaching the surface are shorter cells with nuclei located on a lower level,
thus, appearing multi layered

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

96
Q

Cells are polygon on surface
view and thin, elongated on longitudinal view

A

Squamous epithelium

97
Q

Short, as tall as they are wide

A

Cuboidal epithelium

98
Q

Rectangular, taller than they are wide

A

Columnar epithelium

99
Q

Cytoplasm is sparse, only nucleus is
visible

A

Simple squamous epithelium

99
Q

Cytoplasm is sparse, only nucleus is
visible

A

Simple squamous epithelium

100
Q

It present four equal sides with
round nuclei located at
the center of the cells

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

101
Q
  • Composed of taller than are wide
    cells with oval nuclei located parabasally
  • Other cell types are present
    (goblet cells, hormone-producing cells)
  • Evident microvilli
A

Simple columnar epithelium

102
Q

▪found in large ducts of exocrine
glands

A

Simple clumnar epithelium with
typical columnar cells

103
Q

▪ Cells are also similar but differes from the typical columnar cells by
their vacoulated cytoplasm due to dissolution of mucin granules during paraffin technique

▪ Found the stomach, abomasum
and cervix

A

SCE with mucous secreting columnar cells

104
Q

• the secretory cell is the goblet and the absorptive is a typical columnar cell that have microvilli (tiny finger-like projections) on their
apical/ luminal borders

•Found in the small and large intestine

A

Simple columnar with both secretory and absorptive cells

105
Q

Columnar cells present cilia (hair like projections in their apical borders) instead of microvilli.

▪ Found only in trachea
▪ Also known as the pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium with both secretory and ciliated cells

106
Q

– (false) only of a single layer of cell that rest on the basal lamina — but not all reach the apical surface.

  • cells reaching the apical surface are tall columnar cells with nuclei located on a higher level
  • while those not reaching the surface are shorter cells with nuclei located on a lower level, thus, appearing multi layered
A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

107
Q
  • pillow-shaped surface epithelial cell (=covering cells)
  • intermediate cells
  • 1-2 basale layers (cuboidal to columnar cells)
  • description as pseudostratified or stratified
A

Transitional epithelium

108
Q

Rounded surface cells

A

Unstretched

109
Q

Flattened and elongated cells

A

Stretched

110
Q

Classification; Number of cell layer
❑Stratified Epithelium

A

• Stratified Squamous keratinized
• Stratified Squamous non-
keratinized
• Stratified Cuboidal
• Stratified Columnar

111
Q

❑ two or more layers of cells
❑ Classification depends on the shape of
the outermost cells

A

STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL
TISSUE

112
Q

■ composed of several layers of cells: deepest cells are
columnar or cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane;
■ middle layer are polyhedral or polygonal cells
■ and the superficial layer are squamous cells;
■ lines the inner surfaces of the body exposed to considerable wear and tear such as the esophagus, vagina etc ;
■ covers the outer surfaces of the body such as the epidermis of the skin;

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM NON KERATINIZED

113
Q
  • covers also the outer surfaces of the body such as the epidermis of the skin;
  • superficial cells undergo metamorphosis into tough non-living layer of keratin
  • Keratin prevents fluid from evaporating and keeps the body from absorbing water when one is taking a bath,

-impervious to bacteria- hence a first line of defense against infection

A

Stratified squamous epithelium keratinized

114
Q
  • Composed of two layers only: basal layer of cuboidal cells and superficial columnar cells
  • found only in the fornix of the conjunctiva, cavernous urethra; large excretory ducts of exocrine glands
A

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

115
Q

Function of Surface Epithelium

A

❑ Protection– skin
❑ Absorption– active or passive absorption (intestine)
❑ Transport– epididymis, trachea
❑ Excretion – ureter, urethra

116
Q

Increase absorption surface (intestinal epithelium)

A

Microvilli

117
Q

long microvilli; non-motile (epididymis; haircells)

A

Stereocilia/villi

118
Q

motile (tracheal and bronchial epithelium; uterine epithelium)

A

Kinocilia (brush border)

119
Q

A unit of cells, which are specialised for the synthesis and secretion of secretory products (secretions).

A

Glandular Epithelium

120
Q

Glands which secret out of the body and therefore are provided with ducts

A

Exocrine

121
Q

Glands w/out ducts or glands of internal secretion, secretions poured into closely associated capillaries

A

Endocrine

122
Q

Location of glandular epithelium

A
  1. Intraepithelial
    ■ Unicellular– goblet cells (intestinal epithelium)
    ■ Multicellular– epithelium of nasal cavity
  2. Extraepithelial– located in the underlying connective tissue, always multicellular, secretion is produced in secretory units and reach by a duct system
123
Q

Shaped of secretory units

A

• Simple - unbranched duct, which may be straight or coiled

• Compound - shows a repeated branching pattern of the ducts

124
Q

Methods of Secretion

A
  1. Endocrine glands – secrete products directly into the
    surrounding connective tissue
    ■ Paracrine – target cell is nearby
    ■ Autocrine – target is the same cell
  2. Exocrine glands – secretes product through a duct
125
Q

Mode of Secretion

A

a) Merocrine (eccrine) – released by exocytosis (sweat glands, salivary gland)

b) Apocrine – released by apocytosis (sweat glands)

c) Holocrine – whole cell (sebaceous gland)

126
Q

Nature and Type of Secretory Product

A

❑Serous glands – pyramid-shape, narrow lumen, produce watery thin secretion; rich in protein and enzymes

❑Mucous glands – wife lumen, produce thick, viscous product; rich in mucin

❑Mixed glands- serous “end pieces” are lying cap-shaped on the mucus ones= serous Gianuzzi-demilunes, secrete combination of serous and mucous

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY (Mrs. Lucia Rigos) (5 decks)

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