Parafollicular/Parathyroid/Adrenal Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
cells reside outside of the follicular cells but still within the thyroid
A
Parafollicular Cells
2
Q
Synthesizes and secretes ____
A
calcitonin
Parafollicular Cells
3
Q
High levels of serum Ca2+ and HPO42 ___ secretion
Parafollicular cells
A
stimulate
4
Q
Low levels of serum Ca2+ and HPO42 ___ secretion
Parafollicular cells…
A
inhibit
Calcitone it down
5
Q
The process of using/losing a substance
A
Resorption
Example: The breakdown of bone by osteoclasts in order to increase plasma Ca2+
6
Q
The process of gaining something (whether for the first time or again)
A
Absorption/Reabsorption
Example: Osteoblasts absorbing/reabsorbing the Ca2+ from blood to build bone matrix
7
Q
Calcitonin inhibits?
A
osteoclasts
8
Q
Calcitonin increases?
A
osteoblasts
9
Q
Calcitonin decreases calcium ___ in the intestines
A
absorption
10
Q
Calcitonin ___ calcium loss in urine
A
increases
11
Q
Four small glands attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
A
Parathyroid Glands
“stuck” to it, not part of it
12
Q
Principal cells (AKA __ cells) are the functional component
parathyroid glands
A
Chief
13
Q
These secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A
Principal cells (AKA Chief cells)
14
Q
High levels of serum Ca2+ ___ secretion
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A
inhibit
15
Q
Low levels of serum Ca2+ ___ secretion
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A
stimulate
16
Q
Increases osteoclasts
A
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
17
Q
Inhibits osteoblasts
A
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
18
Q
Increases calcium absorption in the intestines
A
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
19
Q
Decreases calcium loss in the urine
A
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
20
Q
Pair of flattened, pyramidal-shaped glands located superior and adjacent to the kidneys (retroperitoneal)
A
adrenal gland
21
Q
Adrenal cortex-
A
large and peripherally located
22
Q
smaller and centrally located
A
Adrenal medulla-
23
Q
Covered by a connective tissue capsule
Highly vascularized
A
Adrenal gland
24
Q
Order of adrenal layers?
A
152
25
Hypothalamus releases ___ which targets the anterior pituitary
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
26
Anterior pituitary produces and releases ___ in response, which has the following actions on the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
27
mineralcorticoids are produced and secreted
Zona Glomerulus
28
glucocorticoids are produced and secreted
Zona Fasciculata
29
certain androgens are produced and secreted
Zona reticularis
30
Secretes mineralocorticoids
Affects mineral homeostasis in the body
Zona Glomerulosa
| Promotes the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys
31
Promotes the loss of (secretion, excretion) of
Potassium (K+) into the urine
Hydrogen (H+) into the urine
Mineralocorticoids of zona Glomerulosa (aldosterone)
32
Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by both:
Elevated serum potassium and hydrogen levels
Low blood pressure
(Via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS))
33
Aldosterone inhibited by both
Low serum levels of potassium and hydrogen
High blood pressure
34
Kidneys secrete renin in response to this
Blood pressure is low
35
Circulating renin causes the conversion of angiotensinogen (normal constituent of blood) into _____
angiotensin-I
| Angiotensinogen is made by the liver and dumped into circulation regularly
36
Angiotensin-I circulates into the ___ vasculature where it encounters angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
lung
ACE splits angiotensin-I now making angiotensin-II
Angiotensin-II then circulates causing numerous things to occur
37
Stimulates the production of aldosterone
Causes increase in sympathetic activity
Causes arteriolar vasoconstriction
Causes release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
How angiotensin-II increases BP
38
Cortisol (95%)
Corticosterone
Cortisone
Zona Fasciculata – middle zone
39
Glucocorticoids help the body regain homeostasis after a “stress” event
Very effective if stressor is removed
Over-reaction occurs if stressor not removed
40
Glucocorticoids affects
Glucose levels
Helps to regulate metabolism
Inflammatory response
Immune system
Blood pressure
Nervous system
Sleeping
41
Stimulates protein catabolism
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Stimulates lipolysis
Suppression of immune response
Acts as an anti-inflammatory
Inhibition of bone formation
Function of glucocorticoids
42
Suppression of immune response includes
Marked decrease in number of eosinophils (type of WBC) as well as atrophy of lymphatic tissue
Leads to a decreased number of lymphocytes and plasma cells
(lesser ability to fight infection)
43
Acts as an anti-inflammatory effects?
| glucocorticoids
Inhibits synthesis of precursor to prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Inhibits production of interleukin-2 and proliferation of T-lymphocytes
Inhibits release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets
44
Inhibition of bone formation effects?
| glucocorticoids
Decreases Type I collagen (major component of bone matrix)
Decreases osteoblast activity
Decreases intestinal absorptions of calcium
45
Secretes small amounts of weak androgens
Converted in testes to testosterone for males
Portion converted to estrogen in women (various tissues)
Zona Reticularis - inner zone
46
androgens
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Androstenedione
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
47
Weak androgenic effect on its own
Precursor to numerous hormones:
Androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrogen
DHEA
Dehydroepiandrosterone
48
Weak androgenic effect on its own
Can be converted to:
Testosterone or estrone (precursor to estradiol)
Androstenedione
49
More potent androgen than testosterone
Made from conversion of testosterone
Is active in tissues where testosterone is not
DHT
Dihydrotestosterone
50
Kidney secrete renin in response to
low BP
51
Renin, in circulation, cause the angiotensinogen (normal constituent of blood) into
angiotensin 1
52
Angiotensinogen is made by the ___ and dumped into circulation ____
liver
regularly
53
Angiotensin 1 circulates into the lung vasculature where it encounters ____ and spit angiotensin 1 into _____
ACE
angiotensin 2
54
Angiotensin 2 increases BP by:
stimulates production of aldosterone
causes increase in sympathetic activity
causes vasoconstriction
causes release of ADH
55
Stimulates protein catabolism
Essentially from all cells except the liver
These liberated amino acids travel to liver where they participate in gluconeogenesis
Glucocorticoids
| Zona Fasciculata
56
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Liver converts amino acids to glucose
Glucocorticoids
| Zona Fasciculata
57
Stimulates lipolysis
Stimulates shift from carbohydrate catabolism to lipid catabolism
Liberates fatty acids also used in gluconeogenesis in the liver
Glucocorticoids
| Zona Fasciculata
58
Suppression of immune response
Marked decrease in number of eosinophils (type of WBC) as well as atrophy of lymphatic tissue
Leads to a decreased number of lymphocytes and plasma cells
These cells produce numerous anti-bodies
With a reduced level of these cells, the body’s ability to fight infections is greatly reduced
Glucocorticoids
| Zona Fasciculata
59
Acts as an anti-inflammatory
Inhibits synthesis of precursor to prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Inhibits production of interleukin-2 and proliferation of T-lymphocytes
Inhibits release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets
Glucocorticoids (Zona Fasciculata)
60
Inhibition of bone formation
Decreases Type I collagen (major component of bone matrix)
Decreases osteoblast activity
Decreases intestinal absorptions of calcium
Glucocorticoids (Zona Fasciculata)
61
Middle region of the adrenal gland
Adrenal Medulla
62
functional unit of the adrenal medulla
Chromaffin Cells
63
Synthesizes and secretes catecholamines
Epinephrine (more potent, more abundant)
Norepinephrine (precursor to epinephrine)
Chromaffin Cells
Adrenal Medulla
64
These cells are considered modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Chromaffin Cells
Adrenal Medulla
Direct nervous system input, ie, fast
65
Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system sends signal down through splanchnic nerves.
These nerves synapse at the ____.
Signals epi/norepi to be released
Chromaffin Cells
Adrenal Medulla
66
Catecholamines intensify ____ responses throughout the body
sympathetic
67
Increase heart rate, force of contraction, cardiac output, blood pressure
Increases blood flow to heart, liver, skeletal muscles
Dilates airways to lung tissue
Causes liver and skeletal muscle to convert glycogen into glucose
Vasodilation (lungs, brain, heart, skeletal muscle)
Vasoconstriction (GI, kidneys, skin)
Catecholamines
from Chromaffin Cells
Adrenal Medulla
68
Usually caused by a benign tumor of the chromaffin cells
Causes a prolonged “fight or flight” response in the body
Pheochromocytoma
69
These tumors increase production and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Pheochromocytoma
