Parasite Management

Question 1

name ectoparasites

Answer 1

arthopods (ticks) and flies

Question 2

name endoparasites

Answer 2

nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, acanthocephalans, protozoa

Question 3

external parasite control costs US horse owners how much each year?

Answer 3

270 million

Question 4

name 3 common ectoparasite culprits

Answer 4

ticks, lice, flies, gnats, mites, chiggers

Question 5

name the blood-feeding flies

Answer 5

stable flies, horn flies, biting midges, mosquitoes, horse/deer flies

Question 6

name non biting flies

Answer 6

house flies and face flies

Question 7

house flies produce in what manure and face flies where?

Answer 7

house- horse
face-cow

Question 8

myiasis is what?

Answer 8

fly strike from filth-breeding flies (blow, bottle, flesh)

Question 9

what is the most concerning worm for myiasis?

Answer 9

screwworms

Question 10

treatment for myiasis?

Answer 10

debriding and notify authorities (have been eradicated in US)

Question 11

what are true bot flies called?

Answer 11

gasterophilus intestinalis

Question 12

external parasite control options

Answer 12

eliminate standing water
remove manure regularly
place fans in barns and shed to discourage flies
bring horses inside at dusk when gnats/mosquitoes are a problem
use pesticides
chemical and biological control

Question 13

how to deter biting insects with feed through control

Answer 13

garlic
apple cider vinegar
brewer’s yeast

Question 14

what feed through control can discourage insect breeding

Answer 14

diatomaceous earth- no impact on internal parasites but good for external

Question 15

feed through controls that disrupt larval development

Answer 15

solitude IGR and SimpliFly

Question 16

what is pediculosis

Answer 16

lice infestation

Question 17

what are the two species of lice?

Answer 17

sucking louse and biting louse
sucking- blood and fluid
biting- dead skin and debris

Question 18

what horses does lice affect mostly?

Answer 18

poor BCS and immunocompromised

Question 19

diagnosis of lice?

Answer 19

itchy horse
severe weight loss
seen by naked eye

Question 20

what are the two species of mites (aka mange) in horses?

Answer 20

body mites and leg mites

Question 21

what horse breed is most susceptible to mites?

Answer 21

draft breeds with the feathers

Question 22

how to diagnose mites?

Answer 22

itchy, biting at legs, skin scraping

Question 23

diseases caused by ticks?

Answer 23

lyme, anaplasmosis, proplasmosis

Question 24

what can internal parasites cause?

Answer 24

dull, rough hair coat
lack of energy
tail rubbing
weight loss or failure to gain weight
anorexia
diarrhea
colic

Question 25

name internal parasites?

Answer 25

threadworms, large and small strongyles, ascarids, pinworms, tapeworms, stomach worms, and lung worms

Question 26

ascarids are primarily a problem in ____ horses causing what?

Answer 26

young horses, impaction colic

Question 27

explain the cycle of ascarids?

Answer 27

larvae in intestinal wall go into bloodstream where they travel to the heart and liver into the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed into the GI tract

Question 28

what is the most common internal parasite in horses today?

Answer 28

strong strongyles

Question 29

explain cycle of small strongyles

Answer 29

large intestine where they are encysted and emerge into the lumen DO NOT MIGRATE

Question 30

deworming practices based on what?

Answer 30

large strongyles

Question 31

large strongyle cycle

Answer 31

migrate to return to small intestine where they atatch to the GI to take nutrients DO NOT ENCYST

Question 32

pinworms deposit eggs where?

Answer 32

perianal region

Question 33

life cycle of a bot?

Answer 33

summer until first hard frost about 1 year eggs depositied on face, legs, barrel, chest and the horse licks them, larvae burrow into tongue. mature in stomach lining and detatch

Question 34

do threadworms need a host?

Answer 34

no

Question 35

threadworm life cycle

Answer 35

eggs penetrate skin -> lungs -> trachae -> coughed up -> swallowed or through milk

Question 36

lungworms are common in?

Answer 36

donkeys

Question 37

lungworm symptoms?

Answer 37

coughing, increased respiration, nasal discharge, eggs?

Question 38

stomach worms (name the 2 types) do what?

Answer 38

gastric -> fibrous tumors or nodules cutaneous-> summer sores

Question 39

second most concerning parasite in adult horseS?

Answer 39

tapeworms

Question 40

name one anthelemintic with active ingredient and drug trade name

Answer 40

benzimidazole, fenbendazole, panacur

Question 41

macrocylic lactones treat what?

Answer 41

bots

Question 42

benzimidazoles are good for what?

Answer 42

pinworms

Question 43

pyrimidines are good for what?

Answer 43

tapeworms at double strength

Question 44

isoquinoline-pyrazines treat what?

Answer 44

tapeworms; these are solid in combo with macrocyclic lactones (aka quest plus)

Question 45

what horses should you not give a combo dewormer to?

Answer 45

foals less than 6 mo, or sick underweight horses

Question 46

parasite resistance has been documented for how many classes of anthelimntics?

Answer 46

3

Question 47

can resistance be passed on genetically through parasites?

Answer 47

yes! cannot be undone

Question 48

what contributes to anthelmintic resistance?

Answer 48

over-use or under-dosing

Question 49

fecal egg counts are only quantitative T/F?

Answer 49

false. also qualitative

Question 50

most horses are what type of shedders?

Answer 50

low (less than 200 eggs per gram)

Question 51

what are the 3 shedder classifications in EPG?

Answer 51

low (less than 200) moderate (200-500) high (more than 500)

Question 52

what are the limitations of FEC?

Answer 52

doesn't reflect total burden doesnt detect immature or larval stages not accurate for tapeworms or pinworms

Question 53

fecal egg count reduction equation?

Answer 53

(pre EPG - Post EPG)/pre EPG

Question 54

interpretation of FECR?

Answer 54

>90%= effective 80-90%= repeat in future <80%= worms are resistant, never use again

Question 55

external parasite mgt?

Answer 55

rotating pastures grazing atl. species nematophagus manure mgt