Parasitic Helminths Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
The final host could be man or vertebrate. However, the reproductive or adult stage of the parasite can be found in different parts of the body.
A
Trematodes
2
Q
Trematodes of the venous system
A
Schistosoma
3
Q
Trematode in the biliary tract
A
Clonorchis, Fasciola
4
Q
Trematode of the lung
A
paragonimus westermani
5
Q
Trematodes of the upper mesenteric vein
A
Schistosoma japonicum
6
Q
Trematodes of the lower mesenteric vein
A
Schistosoma mansoni
7
Q
Trematode of the kidney
A
Schistosoma haematobium
8
Q
Clonorchis sinensis, Opistorchis, and Fasciola are trematodes found in the _________.
A
hepatobiliary tract
9
Q
______ or ______ are all found in the small intestine
A
cestodes (tapeworm)
10
Q
Termatodes are also known as
A
flukes
11
Q
termatodes are all ____
A
hermaphroditic
12
Q
Except ______ all trematodes requires 2 or more intermediate host, Metacercaria is the infective stage of, Ingestion is the MOA, leaf-like, eggs are operculated, have 2 suckers except Heterophyes heterophyes
A
schistosomes
13
Q
Blood flukes:
A
Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni
14
Q
LIVER FLUKES:
A
Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, Clonorchis sinensis, Opistorchis viverini, Dicrocoelium dendriticum
15
Q
INTESTINAL FLUKES
A
Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma ilocanum, Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus yokogawai, Haplorchis taichiu, Gastrodiscoides hominis
16
Q
PULMONARY FLUKES
A
Paragonimus westermanii
17
Q
ADULT TREMATODES PART:
Connected to the intestinal caeca and vegetative in nature (food and nourishment)
A
Oral sucker
18
Q
ADULT TREMATODES PART: Exit point of uterus (UT), where the eggs exit & Reproductive function
A
Ventral sucker
19
Q
ADULT TREMATODES PART: Reproductive function
A
Uterus
20
Q
ADULT TREMATODES PART: can be highly branching, simple, or dendritic
A
Intestine
21
Q
ADULT TREMATODES PART: used for identification of species; can be globulated, round, branched
A
Testes
22
Q
Life cycle of trematodes (8 parts)
A
Egg – Miracidium – sporocyst – Redia I – Redia II – Cercaria – Metacercaria – Adult
23
Q
the space in the egg where the miracidium will escape.
A
Operculum
24
Q
Schistosomes does not have a secondary intermediate host. The ______ is the infective stage.
A
cercaria
25
In trematodes, the first intermediate host is always a ___
snail
26
If you consume a contaminated snail with intestinal flukes, will you be able to get the infection or develop a parasite when you eat a snail?
No, because in the first intermediate host it will only be a cercaria, non-infective
27
Intestinal flukes requires ____ intermediate hosts
2
28
Intestinal fluke found in water vegetation (water chestnut, bamboo shoots, lotus plants)
Fasciolopsis buski
29
Their metacercaria can be found in their stem, leaves, flesh, and hull (chestnut)
Fasciolopsis buski
30
Flukes that use fishes as second intermediate hosts
Heterophytes and Metagonimous
31
Eggs of Fasciola and Fasciolopsis buski are similar. That's why they are only reported as _________
"Presence of Fasciola/Fasciolopsis"
32
Heterophyds (Heterophyes heterophyes) and Metagonimus yokogawai also have similar eggs. That's why it is reported as _____
Heterophyid eggs/ova
33
originated from/discovered in the Ilocandia regions
Echinostoma ilocanum
34
Echinostomasi first and second intermediate hosts are both ___
snails
35
Infective stage of echinostoma ilocanum & artyfechinostomum malayanum
metacercaria
36
Echinostomas are transmitted through
ingestion
37
Liver flukes:
Fasciola hepatica & fasciola gigantica
38
F. hepatica is a ___ liver fluke/__ liver fluke
sheep, temperate
39
F. gigantica is a ___ liver fluke/ __ liver fluke
giant, tropical
40
Which liver fluke is more common in the Philippines
F. gigantica
41
F. hepatica morphologically is ________ while F. gigantica is significantly ______ and resembles _____
Prominent cephalic cone; bigger/longer; bay/laurel leaf
42
If a Fasciola infection is ruled out in a stool exam result, we will give instructions to the patient not to eat liver or liver products for at least _____ or ______ to prevent false positive result for Fasciola.
72 hours or 3-5 days
43
basic parts of Fasciola
OS, VS, TS
44
Eggs of these cannot be differentiated
Fasciola
45
liver fluke also known as chinese liver fluke
clonorchis sinensis
46
The nickname of C.sinensis is attributed to the eating patterns of a population that consumes ____
raw fish
47
C. sinensis is transmitted through _____
ingestion
48
According to research, a Clonorchis sinensis infection increases the chance/possibility of developing _____________________ since the
metabolites produced by these flukes are carcinogenic
gallbladder cancer
49
liver fluke also known as "cat liver fluke"
Opisthorchis felineus
50
In schistosomes, some stages are not present: ________ and _____
metacercaria and radiae
51
Identifying C. sinensis
- testes:
- oral sucker:
- ventral sucker:
- branching, opposite/oblique
- wider than VS
- none
52
Identifying Opisthorchis
- testes:
- oral sucker:
- ventral sucker:
- lobulated, opposite/oblique
- none
- wider than OS
53
What is the second intermediate host of Clonorchis and Opisthorchis?
Fish
54
What type of eggs are produced by Clonorchis and Opisthorchis?
Embryonated
55
Pulmonary flukes:
paragonimus westermanii
56
P. westermanii infection manifest by encapsulating in the lung tissues and provokes a ________ reaction
granulomatous
57
P westermanii infection' symptoms: ________ may be mistaken for PTb
chronic cough, rusty colored sputum, hemoptysis
58
MOC for P. westermanii infection for 7 days
Praziquantel
59
P. westermanii may also induce ____
Erratic paragonimiasis
60
Once erratic paragonimiasis reaches other parts of the body, ____ may occur. Patient may suffer from epilepsy like syndrome called ______
cerebral paragonimiasis, jacksonian epilepsy
61
_______ is the specimen of choice for the diagnosis of paragonimus infection
Sputum
62
_____ is the alternative sample specimen for paragonimus infection if sputum is not available
Stool
63
Adult paragonimus is ____ in shape
coffee bean
64
Paragonimus as an egg is ___, ___, and _____, ______
wide, flat tuberculum, thick abopercular end, non-embryonated
65
Blood flukes spp
Schistosoma
66
fluke that has no second intermediate host
schistosoma
67
infective stage of the schistosoma spp
cercaria
68
Schistosomia infection is acquired through
skin penetration
69
Schistosoma ___ and S. ____ has stool as specimen choice. While S. ___ has urine as specimen choice
japonicum and mansoni; haematobium
70
Cestodes are normally found in the ____ in its ___ form
small intestine, adult
71
Cestodes are transmitted through _____
ingestion
72
cestodes has _____ digestive system. As they have OS but no organ where they can excrete waste
incomplete
73
Germinal portion of the cestodes
neck
74
a cestode known as the broad fish tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
75
_____ competes with the reabsorption of vit b12, leading to megaloblastic/pernicious anemia
D. latum
76
____ spp is the causative agent of sparganosis
Spirometra
77
Spirometra are not found in the intestine but in the other parts of the body like _____
eyelids
78
Spirometra infection is diagnosed through
detection of larvae in lesion
79
____ also known as pork tapeworm
taenia solum
80
T. solium has ___ as an intermediate host
pigs
81
Ingestion of ______ or _____ of Taenia solium is infective to man. It is more serious if the man ingested it than the larva.
eggs or cysticercus cellulosae
82
If ingested as larva, it becomes an adult worm in man; Cause intestinal discomfort, diarrhea, malabsorption, malnutrition, etc.
Taeniasis solium
83
T. solium can be easily removed/treated by giving _____, or recovering the scolex
Niclosamide
84
ingested eggs, became cysticercus (larval stage) in man.
Cysticercosis
85
____ is also known as Beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
86
In terms of pathogenicity, which Taenia infection is more serious.
T. solium
87
_____ is a double pored tapeworrm coined as dog and cat tapeworm
Dipylidium caninum
88
D. caninum is also described as ____-like or _____-shaped
cucumber, melon
89
D. caninum has two sets of _______ at its two ends
reproductive organ
90
D. caninum infection via ingestion of __________
infected flea
91
The final host of echinococcus spp
dogs
92
Man is only a _____ host in echinococcus spp and wll not proceed to adult stage
accidental
93
known as the smallest tapeworm in general
Echinococcus granulosa
94
The smallest tapeworm in MAN
Hymenolepsis nana
95
What stage of this parasite (Echinococcus spp.) is found in man and in other vertebrae host?
Larval stage or Hydatid cyst
96
____ are true roundworm and sexes are separate with the female being larger than male
nematodes
97
Life cycle of nematodes:
egg -> larval -> adult
98
______ possesses a complete digestive tract; has a body cavity lined with muscle fibers and contains viscera
Nematodes
99
STH groups
Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongylodes stercoralis, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Tricuris trichiura
100
VECTOR TRANSMITTED GROUP
Wuchereria bancrofti, and Brugia malayi
101
CONTACT TRANSMITTED
Enterobius vermicularis
102
FOOD BORNE
Trichinella spiralis, Capilllaria philippinensis, Angiostrongylus cantonesis
103
Most common helminth infection
Ascaris lumbricoides
104
Most infective stage of Ascaris
lumbricoides and ingested by human
Embryonated egg
105
______ of A.lumbricoides only contains egg yolk and not yet embryonated
Fertilized egg
106
What do you think is the effect of the presence of ascaris infection to the eosinophil level of the blood?
increase of eosinophil levels is observed due to the constant migration of the worm.
107
Is it normal for a child to have at least 1 ascaris lumbricoides in the small intestines?
No, it may be statistically low, but it is significant
108
MOC for A. lumbricoides
Albendazole and mebendazole
109
Most common worm infection in the US and is a familial infection
Enterobius vermicularis
110
E. vermicularis is also known as ______ because it can easily spread.
seat/society worm
111
E.vermicularis are diagnosed through
cellophane tape/perianal swab
112
cellophane tape/perianal swab are only done for ____ only.
toddlers
113
____ also known as whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
114
T. trichiura's egg is described as ____ egg
Japanese lantern
115
One of the pathologies of Trichuris trichiuria in case of heavy worm burden in the rectum; rectum will be pushed out
rectal prolapse
116
Human hookworms
Necator americanus, and ancylostoma duodenale
117
N. americanus and A.duodenale only differs in their
dental pattern and body curvature
118
N. americanus has _____ cutting plates while A. duodenale has _____ of dental pattern tru ventral teeth
seminular, two pairs
119
N. americanus has _ -shaped body while A.duodenale has _-shaped body
S, C
120
With N. americanus and A.duodenale, which species can suck more blood or can cause anemia/ more serious anemia?
A. duodenale
121
If the patient has severe anemia due to hookworm, which one is to be treated first, the hookworm infection or the anemia?
anemia should be treated first because it can be fatal
122
What is the mode of transmission of hookworm?
Skin penetration
123
Infection caused by hookworms as a larva
ground itch, pneumonia
124
Infection caused by hookworms as an adult
Iron deficiency anemia
125
What are the parasites that cannot be identified by species by looking only at the egg?
Hookworm, Taenia, Fasciola, heterophyids
126
zoonotic hookworms that when it penetrates the skin, it will just stay beneath the skin; cannot penetrate stratum germinativum
Larva migrans
127
Hookworm infection symptoms
ground itch, abdominal discomfort, anemia, extreme fatigue, IQ loss
128
MOC for hookworm infection
Albendazole
129
Also known as Strongyloides stercoralis
Threadworm
130
Causative agent of swollen belly or baby syndrome
strongyloides stercoralis
131
S. stercoralis ____ only are known to be parasitic
female
132
S. stercoralis disseminate infection in ______
immunocompromised
133
S. stercoralis is a ___ parasite
facultative
134
S. stercoralis is diagnosed through
detection of rhabditiform larva in stool
135
parasites of monkeys; larvaes found in breastmilk
S. fulleborni
136
also known as swamp itch; infects nutria and raccoons
S. myopotami & S. procyanis
137
A tissue nematode that has a host that is both definitive and intermediate
Trichinella spiralis
138
known as rat lungworm; final host being a rat
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
139
causative agent of meninoencephelitis
A. cantonensis
140
A. cantonensis are diagnosed through
biopsy
141
Visceral larva migrans
toxocora canis and toxocaris cati
142
Dracunculus medinensis is also known as
Guinea worm
143
D. medinensis infection via ingestion of
infected copepods
144
Filarial worms are transmitted through
vector
145
Filarial worms that are found in the PH
Wuchereria bancrofti, and Brugia malayi
146
W. bancrofti, loa loa, and B.malayi are the only ____
three sheated microfilaria
147
_____ filarial worm that have nocturnal periodicity or can be recovered at night
W. bancrofti
148
Causative agent of lymphedema and elephantiasis
W. bancrofti and B. malayi
149
W. bancrofti causes lymphedema and elephantiasis by ____ while B. malayi does by _____
filariasis, filiaris
150
Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti in rural areas
Anopheles minimus var flarirostis
151
Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti in urban areas
Culex sp
152
Mosquito vector of W. bancrofti in abaca and banana plantations
Aedes poecilus
153
Mosquito vector of B. malayi
Mansonia bonnae
154
Enlargement and hardening of limbs or body parts due to tissue swelling
Elephantiasis
155
Elephantiasis is characterized by ____, _____, and _____ of the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels
edema, hypertrophy, and fibrosis
156
Filarial worms are diagnosed through
blood smear, knotts concentraton technique, and serological test (filaria circulating Ag)
157
MOC for elephantiasis
DEC
158
Enteroviasis is usually diagnosed by identifying the _____
Eggs in perianal swab
159
In light infection of trichiuriasis, the adults may be found in
Caecum
160
Nematode usually found in fish eating birds, infects humans who ingest raw or half cooked fresh water fish
Capillaria philippinensis
161
Nematode infection caught from eating raw infected pork
Trichinella spiralis
162
Helminthes that cannot be differentiated by their eggs
A. duodenale and N. americanus
163
Uses examination of duodenal aspirates when direct fecal smear comes negative
S. stercolaris
164
______ causes “creeping eruption”
A. braziliense
165
Best diagnostic technique for T. spiralis
Muscle biopsy
166
Infective state of N. americanum
Filariform larva
167
Nematode that passes the lungs to complete its cycle
A. lumbricoides
168
The host where the sexual reproductive stage exist
Definitive host
169
Most accurate diagnostic technique for acute amoebic intestinal infection
Permanently stained smear
170
Fixative/ preservatives used for stool fecal samples
Formalin, PVA, MIF
171
The rhabditiform larva of S. stercolaris is
Not infective
172
Solution used in direct fecal smear
NSS
173
The most widely used fecal technique, Kato-Katz Modified Smear is
Quantitative
174
Nematode that does not produce egg in the feces
S. stercoralis
175
Microfilaria that causes serious eye disease and is identified with a sheath and terminal nuclei
Loa loa
176
Causative agent of visceral larval migrans
T. canis
177
Guitar/peanut shape egg with less prominent mucus plugs
C. philippinensis
178
Causative agent of meningoencephalitis in man
A. cantonensis
179
Loeffler’s syndrome is found in
A. lumbricoides
180
Tissue nematode capable of encysting and developing in strained muscle
T. spiralis
181
S. hematobium may cause ______
hematuria
182
Trematode infection that can be acquired by eating raw, half-cooked or pickled fish
C. sinensis
183
Intestinal fluke with additional 3rd genital sucker
H. heterophypes
184
Trematode fluke similar to S. japonicum but smaller in size
S. mekongi
185
VS are used for _____ in adult flukes
Attachment
186
The larval stage of the trematode group are usually in the
Intermediate host
187
Stage of schistosomes infective to mammals
Cercaria
