Parasitology Flashcards
(195 cards)
0
Q
Biological relationship: one species benefits while harming the other
A
Parasitism
1
Q
Biological relationship: one species benefits without harming/benefiting the other.
A
Commensalism
2
Q
Type of parasites that causes infection
A
Endoparasite - lives inside the body of the host
3
Q
Parasite that lives outside the body of the host, presence in host connotes infestation
A
Ectoparasite
4
Q
Parasite that establishes itself in a host it does not ordinarily live
A
Accidental or Incidental parasite
5
Q
Parasite that lives on host for short period of time
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Temporary parasite
6
Q
Parasite that remains on host for life
A
Permanent parasite
7
Q
Host where parasites attains sexual maturity
A
Definitive or Final host
8
Q
Host that harbors the asexual or larval stage
A
Intermediate host
9
Q
Host where parasite does not develop further to later stages
A
Paratenic host
10
Q
Host that allows life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection
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Reservoir host
11
Q
It transmits parasite from one host to another
A
Vector
12
Q
Refers to process of inoculating an infective agent
A
Exposure
13
Q
Refers to establishment of infective agent inside host
A
Infection
14
Q
Period between infection and evidence of symptoms
A
Incubation period (clinical)
15
Q
Period between infection and demonstration of infection
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Pre-patent period (biological)
16
Q
Refers to infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection
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Autoinfection
17
Q
Infected individual is further infected with same species leading to massive infection
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Hyperinfection or superinfection
18
Q
Infective stage of E.histolytica
A
Mature cysts
19
Q
Diagnostic stage of E.histolytica
A
Trophozoites, mature cyts, immature cyst
20
Q
Causes flask-shaped colon ulcers
A
Entamoeba histolytica
21
Q
Type of aspirate from an amebic liver abscess
A
Anchovy - sauce like aspirate
22
Q
Treatment for the cyst carrier state of E.histolystica
A
Diloxanide furoate
23
Q
Treatment for amebic colitis and amebic liver abscess
A
Metronidazole
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Causes the "Backpacker's diarrhea" usually after drinking non-treated water sources
Giardia lamblia - fecal-oral route
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Motility of G.lamblia
Falling-leaf motility
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Infective stage of G.lamblia
Cysts
27
Diagnostic stage for G.lamblia
Trophozoites, cysts
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Appearance of G.lamblia on microscopy
Old-man/Grandfather facies
29
Treatment for G.lamblia
Metronidazole
30
Opportunistic intestinal protozoa that causes autoinfection in immunocompromised patients. Causes self-limited non-bloody diarrhea
Cryptosporidium parvum
31
Treatment for C.parvum
Nitazoxanide
32
Urogenital protozoan that exists only as a trophozoite. Pear-shaped flagellated trophozoite. Ping-pong transmission. Causes strawberry cervix
Trichomonas vaginalis
33
Infective and diagnostic stage of T.vaginalis
Trophozoite
34
Treatment for T.vaginalis
Single oral dose of 2 grams of Metronidazole
35
Blood and tissue protozoa. most important parasitic disease in man that causes Durck granulomas and Blackwater fever
Plasmodium sp.
36
Shizogony and gametogony consist the ____ life cycle of Plasmodium
Asexual life cycle
37
Sexual life of Plasmodium involves?
Sporogony - mosquito is the definitive host
38
Important vector on the transmission of Plasmodium sp.
Anopheles flavirostis minimus
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Diagnostic stage of Plasmodium
Trophozoites (ring form) in RBC
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Plasmodium species: with a longer asexual cycle
P.malariae - for72 hours and the rest were just 48hours
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Plasmodium species: prefers all type of RBC
P.falciparum
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Plasmodium species: prefers young RBC
P.vivax and P.ovale
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Plasmodium species: with the highest parasitemia
P.falciparum
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Plasmodium species: with the lowest parasitemia
P.malariae
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Plasmodium species: with compact gametocytes
P.malariae
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Plasmodium species: with banana-shaped gametocytes
P.falciparum
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Plasmodium species: causes cerebral malaria
P.falciparum
48
Plasmodium species: may have recrudescence
P.falciparum and P.malariae
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Plasmodium species: with relapse
P.vivax and P.ovale
50
Plasmodium species: with many cases of drug resistance
P.falciparum
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Plasmodium species: with 6-12 merozoites
P.malariae
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Plasmodium species: large round gametocytes
P.vivax
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Plasmodium species: with benign quartan periodicity
P.malariae
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Refers to recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement
Recrusdescence
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Refers to return of a disease after its apparent cessation due to reactivation of hypnozoites
Relapse
56
Diagnosis of Plasmodium sp. can be done using what?
Thin and Thick smears with Giemsa stain
Thin smear for species identification
Thick smear to screen for the presence of organisms
57
Right time to collect blood samples for patient with Malaria
Taken during fever or 2-3 hours after peak
58
Malarial dots : punctuate granulations present in red blood cells invaded by P.ovale and P.vivax
Schuffner dots
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Malarial dots: fine dots present in red blood cells invaded by P.malariae
Ziemann dots
60
Malarial dot: coarse granulations present in red blood cells invaded by P.falciparum
Maurer dot
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Condition caused by severe complication of P.falciparum malaria. Presents with acute renal failure
Blackwater fever
62
Areas of high endemicity to Malaria
Palawan, Kalinga-Apayao, Ifugao, Agusan del Sur
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Areas of Chloroquine-resistance Malaria
Palawan, Davao del Norte, Compostela Valley
64
Treatment that kill schizonts in the liver
Tissue schizonticides - Primaquine
65
Drug that kill parasitic forms only in the erythrocytes
Blood schizonticides - Chloroquine, quinine
66
Drugs that prevent sporogony and multiplication in the mosquito
Sporonticides - Proguanil and Pyrimethamine
67
Treatment for Chloroquine-resistance
Mefloquine + doxycycline
68
Treatment for eradication of hypnozoites
Primaquine
69
Treatment for severe cases or in pregnant patients
Quinidine or quinine
71
Infective stage of Toxoplasma
Fecal oocyst
72
Diagnostic stage for Toxoplasma
Trophozoite (bradyzoites)
73
Definitive host of T.gondii
Domestic cat
74
Causes ring-enhancing lesions in immunocompromised patients
Toxoplasma gondii
75
Treatment for T.gondii
Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
76
Causes transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi
Reduvlid bug - Triatoma
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Diagnostic stage of T.cruzi
Trypomastigotes in blood
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Diagnosis for T.cruzi
Stained BMA or muscle biopsy
79
Disease caused by T.cruzi with Romana's sign and chagoma, fever, LAD and hepatosplenomegaly
Acute Chaga's disease
80
Treatment for T.cruzi
Nifurtimox
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Two members of Trypanosoma brucei
T.brucei gambiense
| T.brucei rhodesiense
82
Causes the transmission of T.brucei
Tsetse fly (Glossina) bite
84
Diagnostic stage of T.brucei
Trypomastigotes in blood
85
Treatment for blood-borne disease caused by T.brucei
Suramin
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Flagellated marine protist that causes Red tide
Dinoflagellates
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Most common cause in the Philippines is?
Pyrodinium bahamese var compressum
89
Treatment for T.brucei infection for CNS penetration
Melarsoprol
91
Drug that kills gametocytes in human blood
Gametocides - Primaquine
92
If Saxitoxin causes shellfish paralytic syndrome then ____ causes shellfish neurotoxic syndrome
Brevetoxin
93
If Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning is associated with Okadaic acid then Amnesic shellfish syndrome is due to?
Domoic acid
94
Causes Granulomatous amebic encephalitis or amebic keratitis in patients using contact lenses
Acanthamoeba castellanii
95
Causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania brasiliensis
97
Drug of choice for Leishmaniasis
Sodium Stibo Gluconate (Antimony compound)
98
Causes Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis vis nasal inhalation, acquired while swimming in contaminated pools
Naegleria fowleri
100
Babesiosis caused by Babesia microti is transmitted by the bite of?
Ixodes tick
101
Causes cutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania tropica
102
Leishmaniasis is transmitted by?
Sandfly (Phlebotomus)
103
All cestodes are treated with Praziquantel except for ______ treated with Albendazole
Echinococcus granulosus
104
Intermediate host of Taenia solium?
Pigs
105
Sited affected of Taenia saginata?
Intestine together with T.solium and D.latum
106
Infective stage of Taenia solium
Cysticerci, eggs
107
Diagnostic stage of T.solium
Gravid proglottids
108
Condition caused by T.solium wherein the small infective eggs cross the BBB and causes seizures
Neurocysticercosis
109
Cestode known to cause megaloblastic anemia due to Vitamin B12 deficiency. Have operculated eggs
Diphyllobothrium latum
110
Infective stage of D.latum
Pterocercoid larvae
111
Diagnostic stage of D.latum
Unembryonated eggs
112
One of the smallest tapeworms. Intermediate hosts: sheep and human. Definitive host: dog. Cysts acts as SOLs and may cause life-threatening anaphylaxis once cyst ruptures
Echinococcus granulosus
113
Procedure performed on patients infected with E.granulosus
PAIR procedure - puncture, aspiration, injection and reaspiration
114
Cestode with multiloculated cysts (honeycomb vesicles). Definitive host: foxes
Echinococcus multilocularis
115
A dwarf tapeworm. Most common tapeworm in developed countries. With polar filaments and six-hooked larva
Hymenolepsis nana
116
A rat tapeworm. Accidental parasite to human by ingesting insects harboring eggs.
Hymenolepsis diminuta
117
Most common tapeworm of dogs and cats
Dipylidium cannum
118
Common intermediate host for trematodes
Snail
119
Intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum
Snail (Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi)
120
Trematode that causes swimmer's itch disease
Schistosoma japonicum
121
Transmission of Oriental blood fluke?
Oriental blood fluke - S.japonicum, transmission is due to skin penetration by the cercariae
122
Infective stage of S.japonicum
Cercariae
123
Diagnostic stage of S.japonicum
Eggs in feces
124
Diagnosis of S.japonicum?
Kato-katz technique
| Circumoval precipitation test
125
Liver granuloma caused by the eggs of S.japonicum causes what tyle of obstruction that results to hepatomegaly and portal hypertension
Presinusoidal obstruction
126
A systemic hypersensitivity, resembling serum sickness caused by S.japonicum
Katayama fever
127
Type of seizure associated with S.japonicum
Jacksonian seizure
128
Areas with endemicity to S.japonicum
Sorsogo , Samar, Leyte, Oriental Mindoro, Bohol and all Mindanao except Misamis Oriental
129
A lung fluke, that causes chronic cough with bloody sputum that closely resembles tuberculosis
Paragonimus westermani - hermaphrodite
130
Intermediate host of P.westermani
```
Snail (Antemelania asperata)
Mountain crab ( Sundathelphusa philippina)
```
131
Infective stage of P.westermani
Metacercariae
132
Diagnostic stage of P.westermani
Unembryonated egg
133
Diagnosis of P.westermani can be made using?
3% NaOH preparation
134
CXR finding: for Paragonimiasis
Ring-shadow opacity
135
Asian liver fluke that is associated with cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor) transmitted by eating undercooked/raw fish
Clonorchis sinensis
136
Infective stage of C.sinesis
Metacercariae
137
Diagnostic stage of C.sinensis
Embryonated egg
138
Diagnosis for C.sinensis
Direct fecal smear
| Potassium permanganate stain
139
Appearance of C.sinensis on Potassium permanganate stain
Melon-like ridges
140
Sheep liver fluke transmitted by eating watercress or any aquatic plants that causes obstructive jaundice and painful pharyngitis
Fasciola hepatica
141
Intestinal fluke transmitted by eating aquatic vegetation that caused gland abscesses, and worm intoxication (anasarca and coma resulting from Accumulation of toxins)
Fasciolopsis buski
142
Intestinal fluke transmitted by eating raw fish from containing cysts. It mimics peptic ulcer disease
Heterophyes heterophyes
143
All are intestinal nematodes except? Ascaris, Trichinella, Capillaria, Enterobius
Trichinella is a tissue nematode
144
Most common and largest nematode
Ascaris lumbricoides - giant roundworm
145
Infective stage of A.lumbricoides
Embryonated egg
146
Diagnostic stage of Ascaris
Fertilized egg/unembryonated egg
147
Diagnosis for Ascaris
Direct fecal smear
| Kato-katz technique
148
Condition resulting to hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by Ascaris
Loeffler's syndrome
149
Treatment for Ascaris?
Albendazole - has greater larvicidal activity than mebendazole
150
Hookworms that causes major damage due to blood loss at site of attachment. Blood oozes in response to an anticoagulant made by the worm
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale
151
Type of anemia caused by hookworms
Microcytic anemia due to blood loss - worms can ingest 0.25mL of blood per day
152
Treatment for Hookworms
Albendazole
153
Also known as whipworm.
Trichuris trichiura
154
Appearance of T.trichiura based on Kato-katz technique
Barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs. Chinese lantern appearance
155
Condition cause by T.trichiura due to increased peristalsis to expel the worms
Rectal prolapse
156
Treatment for T.trichiura
Mebendazole
157
Also known as seatworm. Most common STH in developed countries (cosmopolitan worm)
Enterobius vermicularis
158
Diagnostic stage of E.vermicularis
Eggs on perianal folds
159
Diagnosis for E.vermicularis
Graham's scotch tape technique - appears D-shaped eggs
160
Pruritus ani is associated with what roundworm?
Enterobius vermicularis
161
Treatment for E.vermicularis
Pyrantel pamoate
162
Facultative parasite that causes larva currens, duodenitis, paradoxical asthma and hyperinfection syndrome
Strongyloides stercoralis
163
Diagnostic stage of S.stercoralis
Rhabditiform stage
164
Infective stage of S.stercoralis
Filariform larvae
165
Diagnostic for S.stercoralis
Harada-Mori culture
166
Treatment for S.stercoralis
Ivermectin
167
Also known a Pudoc worm that causes borborygmus and protein - losing enteropathy
Capillaria philippinensis - intestinal nematode
168
Only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird
Pudoc worm - Capillaria philippinensis
169
Appearance of Pudoc worm on Kato-katz technique
Peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolar plugs
170
Treatment for C.philippinensis
Albendazole
171
Most debilitating nematode infection with usual scenario of a farmer from abaca plantation
Wuchereria bancrofti
| Brugia malayi
172
Preference of Wuchereria
Scrotal lymphatics
173
Clinical picture of W.bancrofti
Hydrocoele
174
Vector of B.malayi
Mansonia mosquito
175
Prefer limb lymphatics
Brugia malayi
176
Clinical picture of B.malayi
Elephantiasis
177
Diagnostic stage of filariasis
Microfilariae
178
Small epithelioid granulomas in Filariasis
Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies
179
Refers to milky urine in Filariasis
Chyluria
180
Endemicity of Bancroftian Filariasis
Sorsogon, Samar, Leyte, Palawan, Camarines, Albay, Mindoro and all of Mindanao
181
Malayan Filariasis endemicity
Easter Samar, Agusan del Sur, Palawan, Sulu
182
Treatment for Filariasis
Diethylcarbamazine
183
Tissue nematode that causes fever, periorbital edema and hemorrhagic phenomena during mild stages and myocarditis and respiratory myositis in severe cases
Trichinella spiralis
184
Diagnostic procedure of choice for T.spiralis
Muscle biopsy
185
Treatment for T.spiralis
Thiabendazole
186
Namatode that causes dermal nodules, hanging groin, lizard skin and river blindness. Transmitted by female blackfly ( Simulium)
Onchocerca volvulus
187
Treatment for O.volvulus
Ivermectin
188
Reaction due to lysis of O.volvulus worms during treatment
Mazzoti reaction
189
Transmitted by deer fly or mango fly (Chrysops). Causes Calabar swellings (subcutaneous edema) and worm may crawl across the conjunctiva
Loa loa
190
Guinea fire worm also known as Serpent of Israelites that causes pruritic painful papule and live worm in skin ulcers
Dracunculus medinensis
191
A dog ascaris causes visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, uveitis and endophthalmitis
Toxocara canis
192
Hookworm associated with cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruptions)
Ancylostoma caninum,
| Ancylostoma brasiliense
193
Most common cause of parasitic meningitis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
194
Zoonotic roundworm that causes eosinophillic gastroenteritis
Anisakis simplex
195
Causes visceral/kala-azar leishmaniasis
Leishmania donovani
196
Refers to hyperesthesia due to T.brucei infection
Kerandel sign
197
Infective stage of T.brucei
Metacyclic trypomastigotes
198
Refers to enlargement of the posterior cervical LN due to T.brucei infection
Winterbottom's sign
199
Infective stage of T.cruzi
Metacyclic trypomastigotes
200
Only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease. Associated with Pigs.
Balantidium coli - causes Balantidial dysentery
