Special organelles of flagellates
kinetoplast (Leishmania, Trypanosoma) glycosome
Flagellate locomotion
flagellum undulating membrane
Flagellate life cycles
may be intra or extracellular binary fission fecal-oral or venereal transmission
Special organelles of amoebas
pseudopods amoebostome
Amoeba locomotion
Pseudopods
Amoeba life cycles
direct, fecal oral transmission
Special organelles of coccidians
apical complex for host cell penetration rhoptry conoid microneme dense granules
Coccidian locomotion
actin-based gliding motility
Coccidian life cycle
3 phases; sporogony, excystation, endogenous development
Sporogony
development of the unsporulated noninfectious coccidain oocyst into the sporulated infectious oocyst
Excystation
occurs in the host; sporozoites are released from sporocysts
Endogenous development
sporozoites penetrate cells and undergo schizogony, form trophozoooites, which develop into schhizonts
Special organelles of ciliates
two different types of nucleu (nuclear dimorphism) - germ line defined by micronucleus cytostome
Ciliate locomotion
two types of cilia - somatic cilia (kineties) oral cilia for feeding
Ciliate life cycle
sexual reproduction by conjugation transverse fission fecal oral trans mission
Special organelles of microsporidia
polar tube anchoring disk polaroplast posterior vacuole
Microsporidian locomotion
nonmotile
Microsporidian life cycle
ingestion, inhalation of resistant spores uses polar tube to penetrate host cells, sporoplasm is extruded into the cell then divides to create meronts, divides, converts into sporonts, converts to sporoblasts, then to spores
Order Monogenea
primitive flukes of fish - Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus Direct life cycles <5 days Hermaphroditic
opisthaptor
bulbus, disc-shaped adhesive organ of Monogenea flukes
Order Digenea
Includes Schistosomes, Faschiolids, Paragonimus Indirect life cycle with mollusk intermediate host Asexual reproduction and hermaphroditic sexual reproduction phase in vertebrate host
strobila
body of a cestode (tapeworm)
scolex
anterior end of a cestode, anchoring organ
coracidium
free swimming larval form of cestode
what is the first intermediate host of Psudophllidean cestodes?
Copepods
what is the second intermediate host of Pseudophyllidean cestodes?
vertebrate, various species
metacestode forms of cyclophyllidean cestodes
cysticeroid (invertebrate) cysticercus hydatid coenurus strobilolcercus
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Chyeletiella cuniculi
Rabbit
Direct
Large, curved palpal claws
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Eimeria steidae
Rabbit
Prepatent period 14-18 days, patent period 21-37 days
Oocysts in fecal smears or floats; characteristic hepatic changes
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Psoroptes cuniculi
Rabbit
Direct, 21 days
jointed pedicels of the tarsal suckers
Genus species
Host - Rabbit
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Passalurus ambiguus
Rabbit
Direct; prepatent period 56-64 days
Eggs in feces; adults in colon or cecum
Rabbit brain tissue
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
Rabbit, rodents, carnivores, NHPs
Ingestion of spores in urine; shedding up to 60 days
Geimsa or Goodpasture's carbol fuschin stains; characteristic renal lesions
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Toxoplasma gondii
rabbit, cat, guinea pig, other mammals
cat is definitive host, others are aberrant hosts; infection through ingestion of sporulated oocysts in cat feces
Wright-Geimsa stain
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Giardia lamblia
Multiple host species
Trophozooites and cysts on fecal smears or floats (Zn sulfate)
√
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Spironucleus muris
Mouse, rat, hamster
Direct, ingestion of infectous cysts, colonozation of the crypts of Leiberkuhn
Periodic acid-Schiff or silver stains; wet mount microscopy
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Isospora canis
Dog, swine, cat, ferret
Direct life cycle
Organisms on fecal exam
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Ichthyophthirius multifilis
fish
Host and environmental life stages
C-shaped macronucleus in the trophont
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Trypanosoma cruzii
Macaque, human, squirrel monkey, dog
reduviid bug intermediate host (6-15 days)
Large terminal kinetoplast, narrow undulating membrane, long free flagellum
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Piscenoodinium pillulare (gold dust disease)
fish
Direct, 10-14 days
oval, opaque nonmotile trophonts
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Plasmodium vivax (malaria)
Macaque
Indirect, Anopheles mosquito intermediate host
Geimsa stain
Genus species
Host - Zebrafish
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Pseudoloma neurophilia
Zebrafish
Horizontal and vertical transission; ingestion of infective spores in the inveronment
Visualization of spores on wet mount and histopathology of CNS - gram-positive, acid-fast, Luna stain brick red.
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Aspiculuris tetraptera
Mouse, rat, gerbils, hamster, other rodents
Direct, prepatent period 23 days
Adult worms in cecum and colon, eggs in float, longer embryonation time
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Aspiculuris tetraptera
Mouse, rat, hamster, gerbil, other rodents
Direct, prepatent period 23 days
Eggs found in fecal float, adults in colon or cecum
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Syphacia obvelata
Mouse, rat, gerbil, hamster, voles
Direct, eggs deposited on perianal region, prepatent period 11-15 days
Detection of eggs on perianal tape test, adults in intestine
"Syphacia is speedy, sticky, and skinny"
Genus species
Host - rat bladder
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Trichosomoides crassicauda
Rat bladder worm
Ingestion of embryonated eggs, prepatent period 55 days, more common in males
adults in urinary bladder, eggs in urine (bioperculate - whipworm)
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm)
Mouse, hamster, rat
Direct (only known cestode), 14-16 days; Indirect transmission via flea intermediate host
Eggs in feces, adults in small intestine (scolex bears hooks unlike Hymenolepsis diminuta)
Genus species
Host - mouse
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Polyplax serrata (common mouse louse)
Mouse
Direct, 13 days
Specific to mice
Genus species
Host - rat
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Polyplax spinulosa
Rat
Direct, 26 days
Rat specific
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Myobia musculi
Mouse, rat, other murid rodents
Direct, 23 days, non-burrowing
Clasping first pair of legs, empodial claw on remaining 3 pairs of legs
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Mycoptes musculinus
mouse, rat, guinea pig
Direct, 14 days
First two pairs of legs have abulacral suckers
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Radfordia affinis/ensifera
Mouse/rat
Direct, 23 days, non-burrowing
Bulges between legs, grasping claws in first pair of legs
affinis - paired, unequal tarsal claws on second pair of legs
ensifera - paired, equal tarsal claws on second pair of legs
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Sarcoptes scabiei
Dog, rabbbit, swine, ZOONOTIC
Direct, 10-14 days, burrowing
Intense pruritis
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Toxocara canis
Dog
Direct, may be transmitted in utero or by fecal-oral contact
Eggs in feces, adults in intestinge, granulomatous lesions in tissues
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Toxocara canis
Dog
Direct, may be transmitted in utero or by fecal-oral contact
Eggs in feces, adults in intestinge, granulomatous lesions in tissues
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Tricuris vulpis
Dog
Direct, prepatent period 90 days
Bioperculate eggs, adults with long tails
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Tricuris vulpis
Dog
Direct, prepatent period 90 days
Bioperculate eggs, adults with long tails
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm)
Dog
Direct, infection via ingestion or skin penetration
subglobular buccal cavity with three well-developed teeth on each side; 2-8 cell stage egg
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm)
Dog
Direct, infection via ingestion or skin penetration
subglobular buccal cavity with three well-developed teeth on each side; 2-8 cell stage egg
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Dirofilaria immitis
Dog; cat, ferret aberrant hosts
Indirect, mosquito intermediate host, prepatent period 6-8 months
Adult in blood smear, antigen testing
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Dipylidium caninum
Dog, cat
Indirect, flea or louse intermediate hosts, 2-4 weeks for adults to mature
Gravid proglottid or egg capsules in feces or perianal region
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Otodectes synotis
Dog, cat, ferret, rabbit
Direct, 18-28 days
Ear cytology
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)
Dog, cat
Indirect, may transmit Rickettsia spp, Francisella tularensis
Short capitulum, presence of festoons
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick)
Dog, wild rodents, rabbits
Indirect, may infest larger mammals; may transmit Rickettsia and Francisella tularensis
Short capitulum, presence of festoons, yellow and brown scutum
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Ixodes scapularis (deer tick)
Dog, rodent
Rodent intermediate host; vector for Borellia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, Babesia
Long capitulum, lack of festoons, round scutum
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)
Multiple mammals species
Indirect, only adults live on host, may transmit Dipylidium caninum
Visualization of adults or digested blood on host
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Vector for what disease?
Haematopinus suis
Swine
Direct, host specific
visualization of adults on skin
swine pox
Genus species
Host - guinea pig
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Trixaxarus caviae
Guinea pig
Direct
Dorsal anus vs. terminal anus in S. scabiei; simple dorsal setae (not spinous); many pointed scales vs. few, rounded scales in N. cati
Genus species
Host - zebra fish
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Pseudocapillaria tomentosa
Zebra fish
Direct or via oligochete paratenic hosts
Adults on wet mount, eggs have bi-polar plugs
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Gyrodactylus spp.
Xenopus, fishes
Direct, infection through contaminated water; obligate parasite
Bilobed anterior tip; posterior attachement organ (haptor) with hooks
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Polystoma spp.
amphibians
adults in urinary bladder; 2 week incubation for eggs, 3 week maturation of ocomiracidium
6 pedunculated suckers
Genus species
Hosts
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Pseudocapillaroides xenopi
Xenopus
Direct, eggs shed into environment, burrows into epidermis
skin scraping wet mount - adults present, eggs with bi-polar plugs
Genus and species
Argulus japonicus
Genus and species
Chirodiscoides caviae
Gyropus ovalis
guinea pig louse
Gliricola porcelli
Genus and Species
Ornithonyssis bacoti
