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developmental psychology > parenting and environmental contexts > Flashcards

parenting and environmental contexts Flashcards

1
Q

what 3 aspects of parenting matter?

A
  1. warmth (responsiveness)
    - support, encouragement, acceptance
  2. structure (demandingness)
    - limit setting, monitoring, firm enforcement
  3. intrusiveness (psychological control)
    - dominate, pressure, intrude
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2
Q

what is Diana Baumring’s research about?

A

how consistent parenting is

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3
Q

who are the participants in Diana Baumring’s research?

A

3 and 4 year olds

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4
Q

what measures are used in Diana Baumring’s research?

A
  • interviews with parents
  • home/lab observations of parent-child interactions
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5
Q

describe authoritative parenting in terms of warmth, structure and intrusiveness.

A

warmth: high
structure: high
intrusiveness: low

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6
Q

describe permissive parenting in terms of warmth, structure and intrusiveness.

A

warmth: high
structure: low
intrusiveness: low

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7
Q

describe authoritarian parenting in terms of warmth, structure and intrusiveness.

A

warmth: low
structure: high
intrusiveness: high

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8
Q

describe neglecting/rejecting parenting in terms of warmth, structure and intrusiveness.

A

warmth: low
structure: low
intrusiveness: low/high

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9
Q

according to the study on effects on parenting styles, which parenting style comes out as best and which is the worst?

A

best - authoritative

worst - neglecting/rejecting

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10
Q

what does having high structure in parenting lead to?

A

structure:
- conveys valued standards and behaviour
- limits exposure to risky situations
- generates parental knowledge

causes:
- low externalising (eg. drug use)
- high achievement

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11
Q

what does having high intrusiveness in parenting lead to?

A

intrusiveness:
- undermines sense of autonomy
- interferes with sense of competence and worth
- conveys rejection

causes:
- high internalising

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12
Q

low structure leads to ________ externalising symptoms and _______ internalising symptoms.

A

high; low

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13
Q

high intrusiveness leads to ________ externalising symptoms and _______ internalising symptoms.

A

low; high

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14
Q

what are some externalising symptoms?

A
  • drug use
  • aggression
  • academic problems
  • alcohol, smoking
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15
Q

what are some internalising symptoms?

A
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • low self-confidence
  • perfectionism
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16
Q

does intrusiveness have negative effects outside of the US?

A

1) yes - universalist perspective

  • innate need to feel autonomous and connected
  • intrusiveness undermines fulfillment of this need

2) no - culture-specific perspectives

  • culture interdependence hypothesis (US oriented towards independence, other countries interdependence, thus more willing to take on parents’ demands)
  • normative hypothesis (intrusiveness is common in some countries and normalised, no negative meaning associated, exerted more calmly and deliberately)
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17
Q

due to the __________ hypothesis under cultural perspectives, thai kids who go through high physical dsicipline have much higher adjusment difficulties that those without.

A

normative

  • everyone not getting beaten up but you, so of course you have more difficulties adjusting

*unlike kenya where physical discipline is normalised, less bad, not much effect between those who gets beaten up and those who dont

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18
Q

what are some examples of psychological intrusiveness?

A
  • guilt induction
  • shaming
  • love withdrawal
  • authority assertion

more common in east asian countries

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19
Q

WEIRD societies. what do each letter of WEIRD stand for?

A

Western
Educated
Industrialised
Rich
Democratic

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20
Q

how do americans define an itelligent child?

A

aggressive, competitive

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21
Q

how do kipsigis define an intelligent child?

A

responsible, doing all chores

22
Q

cultural norms are often a reflection of the ___________ setting of the people.

A

economic

23
Q

what is the american definition of a good person?

A
  • constantly attended to and boosted self-esteem
  • differentiated from others (everyone is special)
24
Q

what is the japanese definition of a good person?

A
  • de-emphsised
  • needs to attend to and fit in with others
  • needs to maintain harmonious relationships with others
25
Q

in chinese culture, what is the role of parents in children’s acedemic success?

A
  • high expectations
  • high parental investment/sacrifice
  • stressing consequences of not getting into good school
26
Q

in european american culture, what is the role of parents in children’s acedemic success?

A
  • foster idea that learning is fun
  • show involvement and interest
  • build self-esteem
27
Q

in the personal storytelling study by miller et al., 1997, how much of their stories do the taiwanese and american parents focus their children’s misbehaviour?

A

taiwanese - 35%

american - 7%

**taiwanese parents use these stories to teach moral and social standards, while american parents use them as entertainment and affirmation for the child to boost their self-esteem

28
Q

children who are shy are ____ popular in canada and ____ popular in china.

A

less; more

*in china, shy child = mature well-behaved, understanding

29
Q

parents’ own ______ during childhood affects their parenting strategies.

A

experiences

30
Q

The Developing Parent by Galinsky has 6 stages. What are they?

[Stage, age of child, main task]

A

stage 1: image making
- age of child: before birth
- task: plan for parenting (changes, meaning of parent)

stage 2: nurturing
- age of child: infancy
- task: develop attachment r/s with child, adapt to newborn

stage 3: authority
- age of child: toddler to preschool
- task: create rules, figure out how to guide child

stage 4: interpretive
- age of child: middle childhood
- task: help child interpret experiences with social world beyond family

stage 5: interdependent
- age of child: adolescence
- task: renegotiate r/s with child to allow for shared-power in decision making

stage 6: departure
age of child: early adulthood
task: evaluate success and failure as parents

31
Q

what is a context?

children and adults are embedded in environments that are _________, _________ and ____________ _______.

A

complex; dynamic; hierarchically nested

*complex - contexts influence and are influenced by developing children

*dynamic - salient contexts change with development

*hierarchically nested - individual is center of a set of contexts of varying degrees of proximity to individual

32
Q

what are the 4 systems in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model?

A
  1. microsystem (direct influence)
  2. mesosystem (interactions between microsystems)
  3. exosystem (indirect influence)
  4. macrosystem (influence the other systems within the ecological framework)
33
Q

in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, what does the microsystem contain?

A

environments or settings that directly influence an individual’s development:

home
school
church
neighborhood
peergroup
TV

34
Q

in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, what does the mesosystem contain?

A

interactions and relationships between the different microsystems

*microsystems: home, school, church, peer group, neighborhood

*eg. links btwn family and school, links btwn siblings and peers

35
Q

in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, what does the exosystem contain?

A

environments or settings that indirectly influence an individual’s development:

local industry
mass media
school board
government
parents’ work place

36
Q

in Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, what does the macrosystem contain?

A

cultural, societal, and ideological beliefs and values that shape and influence the other systems within the ecological framework:

  • dominant beliefs and ideologies
  • cultural values and beliefs
  • social norms and ideologies
  • historic/economic factors

*eg. role of women in society, GDP, parenting goals, attitudes towards achievement

37
Q

what is chronosystem?

A

effects of time on individuals’ development within the ecological system

38
Q

what are the advantages of co-sleeping?

A
  • bedtime not stressful
  • easier breastfeeding
  • mom and baby get more sleep
39
Q

in non-parental child care, high quality care for the 1st 3 years leads to better _________ development.

A

cognitive

40
Q

what are the pros and cons of high quantity of non-parental child care for the 1st 3 years?

A

pros:
- socially competent
- assertive
- self-sufficient

cons:
- more aggressive
- non-compliant
- abnormal cortisol response at age 15 (stress)

41
Q

under Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model, how does chronosystem, macrosystem and microsystem affect the example of television?

A

chronosystem - increased availability of mass media in modern decades

macrosystem - type of programming prevalent in culture

microsystem - how much tv allowed, effects of different types of programming, parental control

42
Q

american children spend same/different amount of time watching tv and going to school.

A

same :(

43
Q

why does it say that tv violence is ubiquitous?

A

ubiquitous - present everywhere

58% of programs broadcacst 6am to 11pm

73% of perpetrators don’t display remorse nor receive penalty/criticism

44
Q

what are the 2 perspective of tv violence in children?

A
  1. catharsis hypothesis - provides release of negative emotions
  2. social learning (bandura) - teaches children violent behaviours
45
Q

what studies are conducted in attempts to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute?

A
  1. experimental lab studies
  2. field studies
  3. longitudinal studies
46
Q

what is the experimental research conducted in an attempt to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute?

[participants, conditions, results]

A

liebert & baron, 1972

  • participants: 5-9 year olds
  • conditions: half watched 3.5 min violent minute clip, half watched 3.5 min nonviolent track meet
  • results: children in violent condition less likely to offer help to “child” in another room

**16/18 experiments showed the same results

47
Q

what is the field study conducted in an attempt to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute?

[participants, conditions, results]

A

friedrich & stein, 1973

naturalistic observations of preschoolers to establish aggressiveness

  • participants: preschoolers
  • conditions: half exposed to cartoon violence (batman), half exposed to nonviolent programming (mr rogers’ neighborhood) for 1 month
  • results: children in violent condition more aggressive with classmates
48
Q

in the longitudinal study conducted in an attempt to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute where in 1970s, 557 children were examined, and then in 1990s, 329 adults were interviewed, what IVs are correlated with the DV of violent behaviour in adutlhood?

A
  • amount of violent tv watched
  • identification with tv characters
  • perceived realism
49
Q

in the longitudinal study conducted in an attempt to resolve the catharsis vs bandura dispute where in 1970s, 557 children were examined, and then in 1990s, 329 adults were interviewed, what IVs are not correlated with and did not predict the DV of violent behaviour in adutlhood?

A
  • IQ
  • Parenting style
  • SES
  • amount of tv watched as adults
50
Q

what can parents do about exposure to tv violence?

A
  • limit tv viewing
  • encourage appropriate viewing
  • explain content
  • model good viewing behaviours
  • parent authoritatively
51
Q

give 1 example where tv has positive effects.

A
  1. among 3.5 year olds, those who watched sesame street more had highest overall test scores, largest gains in writing and knowledge of alphabet

developmental psychology (13 decks)

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