newborn

Question 1

what does APGAR scale stand for?

Answer 1

APGAR scale measures healthiness of newborns.

Appearance (skin color)
Pulse (heart)
Grimace (reflexes)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration (breathing)

Question 2

when is the APGAR scale administered?

Answer 2

1-5 mins after birth

Question 3

what are the changes after birth?

Answer 3

1. temperature (warmer to cooler)
2. space (limited to free)
3. light (dim to bright)
4. direction (head down to head up)
5. vestibular motion (still to move around)

Question 4

what weight is counted as LBW (low birth weight) in newborns?

Answer 4

below 2.47kg / 5.5 lbs

Question 5

when are babies counted as premies?

Answer 5

when they are born more than 3 weeks before full-term (38 wks), so before 35 weeks

Question 6

what is 1 bad outcome that LBW predicts in a newborn?

Answer 6

1. cognitive impairments
2. hyperactivity/distractibility
3. difficulty interacting w peers
4. poor school performance

Question 7

true or false: massaging and flexing infant’s arms and legs increases their weight gain much more than those without massage.

Answer 7

true

it is a tactile simulation to intervene LBW.

Question 8

define lanugo.

Answer 8

soft, fine hair covering the fetus’s body

helps to regulate body temperature

Question 9

define vernix.

Answer 9

waxy substance covering infant’s body

helps protect the delicate skin from the amniotic fluid and scratching

gives newborns slimy appearance

Question 10

what is 1 reason why some newborns are born with acne?

Answer 10

mother’s hormones

Question 11

how can infants be born with cone-shaped heads?

Answer 11

their skulls are made of separate bone plates that are not fully fused at birth, to enable smooth transition through birth canal

Question 11

list the 4 characteristics of newborn reflexes.

Answer 11

inborn (present at birth, not learned)

automatic (involuntary)

responsive (in response to stimuli)

shared (common to all newborns)

Question 12

the reflexes sucking and rooting (turns head to simulation) is to serve which function of a newborn?

Answer 12

feeding

Question 13

what is the moro reflex in newborns?

Answer 13

• The Moro reflex (aka startle reflex) is a normal reflex for an infant when he or she is startled or feels like they are falling.
• The infant will have a startled look and the arms will fling out sideways with the palms up and the thumbs flexed.
• Absence of the Moro reflex in newborn infants is abnormal and may indicate an injury or disease.

Question 14

what is the babinski/plantar effect?

Answer 14

newborns toes fan out and curl

occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked

Question 15

within which months will the below refelxes disappear?

1. grasping
2. moro
3. babinski

Answer 15

1. grasping: 3-4 mths
2. moro: 4-6 mths
3. babinski: 8-12 mths

Question 16

what are the 2 states of sleep infants experience daily?

Answer 16

1. quiet sleep
2. active sleep

each sleep typically lasts for 8h a day

Question 17

what are the 2 states of wakefulness infants experience daily?

Answer 17

1. active awake
2. alert awake

each state typically lasts for 2.5h a day

Question 18

how many hours of drowsing do newborns typically experience in a day?

Answer 18

1

Question 19

how many hours of crying do newborns typically experience in a day?

Answer 19

2

Question 20

true or false: newborns differ in the stability of the proportion of time spent in various stages.

*typical newborn day:
crying - 2h
drowsing - 1h
alert awake - 2.5h
active awake - 2.5h
quiet sleep - 8h
active sleep - 8h
*discontinuous

Answer 20

true.

stability increases w age. premature babies have more difficulty regulating their stares.

Question 21

describe REM sleep in babies.

Answer 21

aka active sleep
REM - rapid eye movement sleep involves:
- body movements
- irregular heart rate and breathing
- distinct brain activity

Question 22

describe non-REM sleep in babies.

Answer 22

aka quiet sleep
- deep sleep
- regular brain waves
- lacks body and eye movements

Question 23

true or false: newborns spend half their time in REM sleep and this time increases with age.

Answer 23

false. decreases w age.

Question 24

why do newborns spend so much time in REM sleep?

Answer 24

limited visual input due to too much sleep, REM compensates for it and helps visual develop

Question 25

newborns spend so much time in REM sleep beacuse of limited visual input due to too much sleep, REM compensates for it and helps visual develop. what study supports this?

Answer 25

checkerboard study shows that infants who experience more visual stimulation while awake go into REM sleep less often

Question 26

why do babies cry?

Answer 26

motivate adults to help and take care of them

Question 27

what 2 physiological responses occur in adults when babies cry?

Answer 27

increase in heart rate increase in blood pressure

Question 28

fill in the blanks: babies' crying becomes voluntary at ___ weeks and its peak period is the first ___ months.

Answer 28

6; 3

Question 29

why do babies cry less in less industrialised countries?

Answer 29

co-sleeping, carried more = less crying

Question 30

out of the 5 human senses, which one is the most poorly developed in newborns?

Answer 30

vision

Question 31

are newborns' 5 senses better or worse than those of adults'?

Answer 31

worse

Question 32

what does the study by DeSnoo show? hint: newborns' discrimination and preferences

Answer 32

fetuses and newborns can taste and have a preference for sweetness

Question 33

describe the study that shows that taste develops and preferences are acquired before birth, during the prenatal period. hint: carrot juice

Answer 33

Mennella, Jagnow & Beauchamp (2001). IVs: experimental group - drank carrot juice daily control group - drank water DV: how much food containing carrot juice do the babies eat? (tested at 5 months of age) result: babies exposed to carrot juice daily during the prenatal period ate more than those in the control group. therefore taste and preferences acquired before birth.

Question 34

what does the study by MarFarlene (1975) say about newborn's ability to recognise familiar smells?

Answer 34

IV: own vs another mother's breast pad DV: head-turning toward breast pad (rooting reflex) result: 2-day-olds - no pref 6-day-olds - prefer own mother's smell therefore newborns can recognise familiar smells.

Question 35

true of false: sound outside is limited to the fetus inside the womb

Answer 35

false. alot of sound outside can be heard, even from deep inside the womb.

Question 36

when does the inner ear becomes well-developed (not fully) enabling the fetus to hear?

Answer 36

24 wks - many basic structures in place and functioning - not fully developed, ongoing processes of refinement, differentiation, and maturation that continue throughout the remainder of gestation and after birth - necessary for the inner ear to achieve its full functionality and integration with the auditory and vestibular systems

Question 37

describe the study to support the hypothesis that fetuses can hear.

Answer 37

Lecanuet et al. (1995) step 1: "babi babi babi" -> fetal heart rate slows -> repeat until heart rate no longer slows (bored) step 2: "biba biba biba" -> fetal heart rate slows again -> fetus can tell that sound is different this time

Question 38

do babies prefer women's voices or men's?

Answer 38

women's

Question 39

babies start learning language in the _____.

Answer 39

womb

Question 40

cat in the hat (decasper & spence, 1986) study shows that fetuses can not just ____, they can also ______.

Answer 40

hear; learn

Question 41

fill in the blanks: what happened in the cat in the hat study by decasper and ________? pregnant moms read story out loud during last ___ wks of pregnancy. newborns tested with ______ procedure while hearing the same/diff story. newborns who heard the story before _______ it, those who hadn't showed no preference.

Answer 41

spence 6 sucking preferred

Question 42

1. what is echo suppression? 2. do babies have it?

Answer 42

1. tune out unnecessary sounds and focus on the main sound heard, eg. person speaking 2. yes, but not as developed as adults'

Question 43

what is the test for hearing in babies called?

Answer 43

auditory localisation

Question 44

can babies hear very soft sounds?

Answer 44

no

Question 45

do learning begin before or after birth?

Answer 45

before

Question 46

the latin term "tabula rasa" means?

Answer 46

blank slate a baby is like a clean piece of paper and what they become is shaped by what is written on it

Question 47

what does epigenetics study?

Answer 47

how environmental factors affect gene expression that shapes development from prenatal stage to adulthood

Question 48

what do epigenetics explain? 1. individual differences 2. trisomy 21 3. epileptic seizures

Answer 48

1. individual differences

Question 49

give 1 example of epigenetics at work.

Answer 49

1. smoking during pregnancy exposes fetus to teratogens, causing asthma and obesity after birth 2. children who grow up in abusive home environments have poorer emotion regulation and increased stress

Question 50

can epigenetic changes be reversed?

Answer 50

yes, potentially restoring normal gene expression patterns. vary with age targetted interventions and lifestyle changes can alter epigenetic marks (diet, exercise)