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developmental psychology > newborn > Flashcards

newborn Flashcards

1
Q

what does APGAR scale stand for?

A

APGAR scale measures healthiness of newborns.

Appearance (skin color)
Pulse (heart)
Grimace (reflexes)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration (breathing)

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2
Q

when is the APGAR scale administered?

A

1-5 mins after birth

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3
Q

what are the changes after birth?

A
  1. temperature (warmer to cooler)
  2. space (limited to free)
  3. light (dim to bright)
  4. direction (head down to head up)
  5. vestibular motion (still to move around)
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4
Q

what weight is counted as LBW (low birth weight) in newborns?

A

below 2.47kg / 5.5 lbs

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5
Q

when are babies counted as premies?

A

when they are born more than 3 weeks before full-term (38 wks), so before 35 weeks

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6
Q

what is 1 bad outcome that LBW predicts in a newborn?

A
  1. cognitive impairments
  2. hyperactivity/distractibility
  3. difficulty interacting w peers
  4. poor school performance
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7
Q

true or false: massaging and flexing infant’s arms and legs increases their weight gain much more than those without massage.

A

true

it is a tactile simulation to intervene LBW.

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8
Q

define lanugo.

A

soft, fine hair covering the fetus’s body

helps to regulate body temperature

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9
Q

define vernix.

A

waxy substance covering infant’s body

helps protect the delicate skin from the amniotic fluid and scratching

gives newborns slimy appearance

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10
Q

what is 1 reason why some newborns are born with acne?

A

mother’s hormones

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11
Q

how can infants be born with cone-shaped heads?

A

their skulls are made of separate bone plates that are not fully fused at birth, to enable smooth transition through birth canal

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11
Q

list the 4 characteristics of newborn reflexes.

A

inborn (present at birth, not learned)

automatic (involuntary)

responsive (in response to stimuli)

shared (common to all newborns)

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12
Q

the reflexes sucking and rooting (turns head to simulation) is to serve which function of a newborn?

A

feeding

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13
Q

what is the moro reflex in newborns?

A
  • The Moro reflex (aka startle reflex) is a normal reflex for an infant when he or she is startled or feels like they are falling.
  • The infant will have a startled look and the arms will fling out sideways with the palms up and the thumbs flexed.
  • Absence of the Moro reflex in newborn infants is abnormal and may indicate an injury or disease.
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14
Q

what is the babinski/plantar effect?

A

newborns toes fan out and curl

occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked

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15
Q

within which months will the below refelxes disappear?

  1. grasping
  2. moro
  3. babinski
A
  1. grasping: 3-4 mths
  2. moro: 4-6 mths
  3. babinski: 8-12 mths
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16
Q

what are the 2 states of sleep infants experience daily?

A
  1. quiet sleep
  2. active sleep

each sleep typically lasts for 8h a day

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17
Q

what are the 2 states of wakefulness infants experience daily?

A
  1. active awake
  2. alert awake

each state typically lasts for 2.5h a day

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18
Q

how many hours of drowsing do newborns typically experience in a day?

A

1

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19
Q

how many hours of crying do newborns typically experience in a day?

A

2

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20
Q

true or false: newborns differ in the stability of the proportion of time spent in various stages.

*typical newborn day:
crying - 2h
drowsing - 1h
alert awake - 2.5h
active awake - 2.5h
quiet sleep - 8h
active sleep - 8h
*discontinuous

A

true.

stability increases w age. premature babies have more difficulty regulating their stares.

21
Q

describe REM sleep in babies.

A

aka active sleep
REM - rapid eye movement sleep involves:
- body movements
- irregular heart rate and breathing
- distinct brain activity

22
Q

describe non-REM sleep in babies.

A

aka quiet sleep
- deep sleep
- regular brain waves
- lacks body and eye movements

23
Q

true or false: newborns spend half their time in REM sleep and this time increases with age.

A

false. decreases w age.

24
Q

why do newborns spend so much time in REM sleep?

A

limited visual input due to too much sleep, REM compensates for it and helps visual develop

25
Q

newborns spend so much time in REM sleep beacuse of limited visual input due to too much sleep, REM compensates for it and helps visual develop.

what study supports this?

A

checkerboard study shows that infants who experience more visual stimulation while awake go into REM sleep less often

26
Q

why do babies cry?

A

motivate adults to help and take care of them

27
Q

what 2 physiological responses occur in adults when babies cry?

A

increase in heart rate
increase in blood pressure

28
Q

fill in the blanks:

babies’ crying becomes voluntary at ___ weeks and its peak period is the first ___ months.

A

6; 3

29
Q

why do babies cry less in less industrialised countries?

A

co-sleeping, carried more = less crying

30
Q

out of the 5 human senses, which one is the most poorly developed in newborns?

A

vision

31
Q

are newborns’ 5 senses better or worse than those of adults’?

A

worse

32
Q

what does the study by DeSnoo show?

hint: newborns’ discrimination and preferences

A

fetuses and newborns can taste and have a preference for sweetness

33
Q

describe the study that shows that taste develops and preferences are acquired before birth, during the prenatal period.

hint: carrot juice

A

Mennella, Jagnow & Beauchamp (2001).

IVs:
experimental group - drank carrot juice daily
control group - drank water

DV: how much food containing carrot juice do the babies eat? (tested at 5 months of age)

result: babies exposed to carrot juice daily during the prenatal period ate more than those in the control group.

therefore taste and preferences acquired before birth.

34
Q

what does the study by MarFarlene (1975) say about newborn’s ability to recognise familiar smells?

A

IV: own vs another mother’s breast pad

DV: head-turning toward breast pad (rooting reflex)

result:
2-day-olds - no pref
6-day-olds - prefer own mother’s smell

therefore newborns can recognise familiar smells.

35
Q

true of false: sound outside is limited to the fetus inside the womb

A

false. alot of sound outside can be heard, even from deep inside the womb.

36
Q

when does the inner ear becomes well-developed (not fully) enabling the fetus to hear?

A

24 wks

  • many basic structures in place and functioning
  • not fully developed, ongoing processes of refinement, differentiation, and maturation that continue throughout the remainder of gestation and after birth
  • necessary for the inner ear to achieve its full functionality and integration with the auditory and vestibular systems
37
Q

describe the study to support the hypothesis that fetuses can hear.

A

Lecanuet et al. (1995)

step 1: “babi babi babi” -> fetal heart rate slows -> repeat until heart rate no longer slows (bored)

step 2: “biba biba biba” -> fetal heart rate slows again -> fetus can tell that sound is different this time

38
Q

do babies prefer women’s voices or men’s?

A

women’s

39
Q

babies start learning language in the _____.

A

womb

40
Q

cat in the hat (decasper & spence, 1986) study shows that fetuses can not just ____, they can also ______.

A

hear; learn

41
Q

fill in the blanks:

what happened in the cat in the hat study by decasper and ________?

pregnant moms read story out loud during last ___ wks of pregnancy.

newborns tested with ______ procedure while hearing the same/diff story.

newborns who heard the story before _______ it, those who hadn’t showed no preference.

A

spence

6

sucking

preferred

42
Q
  1. what is echo suppression?
  2. do babies have it?
A
  1. tune out unnecessary sounds and focus on the main sound heard, eg. person speaking
  2. yes, but not as developed as adults’
43
Q

what is the test for hearing in babies called?

A

auditory localisation

44
Q

can babies hear very soft sounds?

A

no

45
Q

do learning begin before or after birth?

A

before

46
Q

the latin term “tabula rasa” means?

A

blank slate

a baby is like a clean piece of paper and what they become is shaped by what is written on it

47
Q

what does epigenetics study?

A

how environmental factors affect gene expression that shapes development from prenatal stage to adulthood

48
Q

what do epigenetics explain?
1. individual differences
2. trisomy 21
3. epileptic seizures

A
  1. individual differences
49
Q

give 1 example of epigenetics at work.

A
  1. smoking during pregnancy exposes fetus to teratogens, causing asthma and obesity after birth
  2. children who grow up in abusive home environments have poorer emotion regulation and increased stress
50
Q

can epigenetic changes be reversed?

A

yes, potentially restoring normal gene expression patterns.

vary with age

targetted interventions and lifestyle changes can alter epigenetic marks (diet, exercise)

developmental psychology (13 decks)

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