Part 1 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What is a drug, technically?
A
any substance that, when administered to living organisms, produces a change in function
2
Q
What is a drug, commonly?
A
any medication that is used for diagnosing, curing, or treating disease
3
Q
toxicology
A
study of adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem
4
Q
pharmacology
A
science of drugs including their uses, effects, and modes of action
5
Q
examples of plant drugs
A
codeine/morphine, quinine, cocaine, marijuana, heroin
6
Q
examples of mineral drugs
A
milk of magnesia, sunscreen, zinc oxide
7
Q
examples of animal drugs
A
insulin, pepsin, premarin, growth hormone
8
Q
examples of microrganism drugs
A
penicillin, cephalosporins
9
Q
examples of synthetic/chemical drugs
A
most new drugs today
10
Q
what is the generic name for tylenol?
A
acetaminophen
11
Q
What is the brand name for acetaminophen?
A
tylenol
12
Q
therapeutic effect
A
intended physiological effect of the drug
13
Q
indication
A
medical conditions for diseases for which the drug is meant to be used
14
Q
contraindication
A
conditions/circumstances for which the drug should not be used
15
Q
caution
A
conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects
16
Q
side effect
A
unintended effects other than therapeutic effect (may or may not be negative)
17
Q
adverse effect
A
a side effect that is negative
18
Q
toxicity
A
adverse effect of a drug resulting in drug poisoning, can be life-threatening
19
Q
interaction
A
drugs, supplements or foods that may alter the effect of the drug and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy
20
Q
site of action
A
location within the body where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect
ex: aspriin acts at hypothalamus to reduce fever
21
Q
mechanism of action
A
how a drug produces its effects
e: local anesthetics interrupt nerve conduction in sensory nerves, resulting in loss of pain sensation
22
Q
receptor site
A
action usually begins after drug attaches itself to some chamical structure, usually specific location
ex: opiod receptors on brain as attachment site for morphine
23
Q
agonist
A
drugs that bind to a specific receptor and produce an anction
ex: morphine
24
Q
antagonists
A
drugs that bind to specific receptors prohibiting an effect
ex: beta-blockers
25
competitive antagonism
when both agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and are administered together
26
do most chemicals have antidotes?
no
27
the strength of a drug action is determined by what?
dose and frequency
28
dose
amount of drug given to produce an effect
dose-response relationship
29
frequency
how often the drug is given
time-response relationship
30
effective dose
dose necessary to produce half the maximum response
used to compare potency of drugs
31
ceiling effect
maximal response reached
32
minimum dose
smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect
33
maximum dose
largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect without producting symptoms of toxicity
34
loading dose
initial high dose used to quickly elevate blood levels of the drug
35
maitenance dose
dose required to keep the drug blood levels steady in order to maintain the desired effect
36
therapeutic dose
dose that is customarily given to produce a desired effect
37
toxic dose
amount of a drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning
38
what was the first attempt to protect consumers in manufacture of drugs and food?
1906 pure food and drug act
39
describe the pure food and drug act
all drugs meet minimal standards of strength, purity and quality
must label container if drug contains dangerous ingredients
established two references of officially approved drugs
40
what are the two references of officially approved drugs?
```
US pharmacopeia (USP)
national formulary (NF)
```
it is now combined into 1 book
41
1938 federal food, drug and cosmetic act
authorized the FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections
42
what happened for the goverment to pass the 1938 federal food, drug and cosmetic act?
passed after a drug company distributed a sulfa drug to pediatic patients that turned out to be similar to antifreeze
43
1951 FD&C Durham-Humphrey amendmant***
defined drugs that could only be purchased if the patietn had a prescription from a liscenced practitioner
44
1958 FD&C food additives amendment
approval of new food additives was required and safety determined by manufacturer before they could be marketed
45
definition of a drug according to the FD&C act
a substance recognized in an official pharmocopoeia or formulary
a substance indended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
a substance other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body
a substance intended for use as a component of medicine
46
what are the food additives amendment exemptions
substances that are generally recognized as safe (GRAS)
substances which FDA or USDA had approved for use in food prior to passage of the amendment
47
substances that are generally recognized as safe
the substance is generally recognized, among qualified experts, as having been adequately shown to be safe under the conditions of its intended use
48
1960 FD&C color additives amendment
all colors must be approved
unlawful to use colors to mask blemishes or inferior products
49
1962 FD&C Kefauver-Harris Amendment
required drug manufacturers to use standard labelling, listeing adverse reactions and contraindications
also required drug companies to prove their drugs' safety and effectiveness
50
1970 comprehensive drug abuse prevent and control act (controlled substances act)
designed to regulate the dispensing of drugs that have the potential for abuse (controlled substances)
assigned to one of 5 schedules, depending on their medical usefullness/potential for abuse
51
schedule I definition
high abuse potential, no accepted medical use
52
examples of schedule I drugs
heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy, methaqualone, peyote
53
schedule II definition
high abuse potential, accepted medical use
54
examples of schedule II definition
vicodin, cocaine, dilaudid, demerol, oxycodone, dexedrine, adderall, ritalin
55
schedule III definition
moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use
56
examples of schedule III drugs
tylenol with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroids, testosterone
57
schedule IV definition
low abuse potential and accepted medical use
58
examples of schedule IV drugs
xanax, soma, darvocet, valium, ativan, ambien, tramadol
59
schedule V definition
limited abuse potential and accepted medical use
60
examples of schedule V drugs
robitussin, codeine, lomotil, motofen, lyrica, parepectolin
61
1994 dietary supplements health and education act
FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market
62
to manufactureers need to register their products with FDA or get approval before selling dietary supplements?
no
63
1996 food quality protection act
reinvestigated pesticide tolerance levels
developed stricter pesticide safety standards, especially for children
64
FDA
Food labeling/nutrition, food ingredients, packaging, pharmeceuticals, supplements, medical devices, vaccines, animal foods, tobacco, cosmetics
65
DEA
Controlled substances only, emforces laws against drug activity, changes schedules of abused drugs
66
USDA
Food distribution
67
EPA
Agricultural and industrial chemicals, water
68
CSPC
Recalls unsafe consumer products
69
OSHA
Workplace chemical exposure
70
How long does the FDA take to accept a drug?
12-25 years
71
Lethal dose
Dose that will kill 50% of animals tested
72
Therapeutic index
Used to established dosage levels in animals
73
NOAEL**
Highest dose without any adverse effect
74
LOAEL
Lowest dose found by experime t or observation at which there was a statistically significamt observed adverse effect
75
What is required for supplement safety?
No FDA approval required prior to marketing
76
Who was the father of toxicology?
Paracelsus
77
What are adverse effects dependant on?
dose
78
Oral drugs often cause what?
gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
79
teratogens
cause birth defects from material drug administration
80
carcinogen
promotes growth of cancerous cells
81
pregnancy category A
drug studies in pregnant women have not yet demonstrated risk to the fetus
82
pregnancy category B
drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women, animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risks
83
pregnancy category c
drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or in animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to the fetus is unknown
84
pregnancy category D
drug studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus. the benefit to risk ratio of the drug must be established beore use during pregnancy
85
pregnancy category X
drug studies have revealed teratogenic effects in women and/or animals. fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit. drug is contraindicated in pregnancy
86
pregnancy category NR
drug has not been rated by FDA
87
carbamazepine (tegretol)**
craniofacial and fingernail deformities
88
diethylstilbestrol (synthetic estogen)**
vaginal tumors and genital malformations in offspring
89
phenytoin (dilantin)**
craniofacial and limb deformities, growth retardation
90
thalidomide**
phocomelia (limb deformities)
91
warfarin (coumadin)**
facial, cartilage and CNS defects
92
what is a drug allergy?
when the drug acts as an antigen and the body produces antibodies against the drug, which causes the release of histamine and inflammatory compounds from the mast cells
93
hypersensitivity
milder response, usually rash, hives, itching, runny nose
94
anaphylaxis
severe, possibly fatal reaction, urticaria, vascular collapse, low BP, shock, cyanosis, laryngeal edema, bronchoconstriction, dyspnea
95
idiosyncrasy
unique, unusual, or unexpected response
genetic variations in enzymes, alters drug metabolism
ex: patient is given a sedative to sleep, continues to sleep all night and well into the next day
96
paradoxical
opposite effect from what is expected
ex: patient is given a sedative to sleep, instead becomes overly excited or anxious
97
tolerance
decreased response that develops after repeated doses are given
ex: patient takes opiod narcotics for pain, over time they have to take higher dosages to achieve the same response as the beginning
98
dependance
acquired need for a drug, may produce psychological or physical symptoms of withdrawl when discontinued
ex: patient taking heroin can become physically ill when trying to stop taking the drug
99
types of toxic responses
```
direct toxic action (tissue lesions)
pharmacological, physiological and biochemical effects
teratogenesis
immunotoxicity
mutagenesis
carcinogenesis
```
100
cell death for direct toxicity
reversible or irreversible
| some or all cells in a tissue
101
target organ toxicity (direct toxicity)
any organ may be damaged, bur often toxic compounds will damage specific organs
102
most susceptible organs for direct toxicity**
liver (metabolically active)
kidneys (role in filtering waste
lungs (position and function)
103
why is an organ targeted (direct toxicity)
blood flow, presence of particular enzyme or biochmical pathway, organ function/position/specialization, vulnerability to disruption, ability to repair damage, ability to metabolize compound, balance of toxification/detoxification systems
104
describe direct toxicity for liver
portal of entry to tissues, exposed to many toxic substances from teh GI tract, very metabolically active, receives about 25% of CO, in humans, only 9% of adverse reactions affect the liver
105
what are the types of liver toxicity
fatty liver (steatosis), cytotoxic damage, cholestatic damage, cirrosis, vascular lesions, liver tumors, proliferation of peroxisomes
106
AST**
aspartate transaminase
| increased in bloodwork if liver is damaged
107
ALT
alanine transaminase
| increased in bloodwork if liver is damaged
108
bilirubin
increased in teh blood if the liver is damaged
109
albumin
decreased in the blood if the liver is damaged
