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Toxicology Test 1 > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

How does the kidney get direct toxicity?

A

filters waste and toxins from blood

there’s a high likelihood of damage due to functionality

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2
Q

how much CO does the kidney get?

A

25%

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3
Q

which organ has the ability to repir itself

A

kidney

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4
Q

what are the different ways to detect kidney damage?

A

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

creatinine

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5
Q

BUN**

A

increase in renal dysfunction

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6
Q

creatinine**

A

increase in renal dysfunction

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7
Q

what are the findings of urinalysis when the kdiney is damaged**

A

urine volume, pH and specific gravity are abnormal

gamma-glutamyltransferase/N-acetylglucosaminidase

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8
Q

how much of the CO does the lung get?

A

100%

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9
Q

how does the lung absorb more toxins than other organs?

A

the lung has a large surface area which increases absorption of toxins

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10
Q

what are the types of lung damage?

A

irritation, allergic response, cell damage, fibrosis, pulmonary cancer

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11
Q

what biochemical tests are there for lung damage?

A

there are none

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12
Q

what is decreased if there is damage to the lung?

A

forced expiraotry volume via spirometry

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13
Q

define biopsy

A

tissue sampling, damage detected with microscopy

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14
Q

pharmacokinetic based effects

A

increased concentration of the compound or active metabolite

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15
Q

pharmacodynamic based effects

A

altered responsiveness of the target site

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16
Q

what are the types of pharmacological, physiological and biochemical effects?

A

respiratory failure, CNS disturbance, altered blood pressure, altered blood sugar, anesthesia/unconsciouness, electrolyte imbalances, changes in muscle contraction/relaxation

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17
Q

when is a fetus most susceptible to teratogenesis?**

A

organogenesis (18-55 days)

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18
Q

drug toxicity may cause what?

A

immunosupression, immune response

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19
Q

what are the types of mutagenesis

A

altered or damaged DNA, mutagenesis, clastogenesis, aneugenesis

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20
Q

altered or damaged DNA during mutagenesis

A

may be reversible or irreversible

can lead to cancer development

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21
Q

mutagenesis

A

drug interacts directly with DNA
DNA damage
base substitutions, additions or deletions

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22
Q

clastogenesis during mutagenesis

A

chromosomal damage

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23
Q

aneugenesis during mutagenesis

A

acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes

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24
Q

what is carcinogenesis

A

unrestrained cell replication

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25
chemical carcinogens may cause
unusual tumors increased incidence of typical tumors appearance of tumors earlier
26
initiation in carcinogenesis
DNA mutation during carcinogenesis
27
promotion in carcinogenesis
altered gene expression and regulation during carcinogenesis
28
progression in carcinogenesis
another mutation leading to proliferation of initiated cells during carcinogenesis
29
pharmaceutic phase
occurs after the drug is given and involves disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form
30
what is the pharmaceutic phase affected by?
form of the drug and route of administration
31
what are the forms of drugs?
aqueous, alcoholic, lozenges, powders, capsules, delayed-release, enteric-coated, suppositories, ointments, transdermal, parenteral injections, spray/mist
32
examples of aqueous drugs
antibiotics for children | syrups, flavors, etc.
33
examples of alcoholic drugs
cough syrups
34
examples of powders
aspirin, cocaine
35
examples of capsules
pain relievers, liqui-gels, vitamins/supplements
36
examples of delayed-release drugs
adderall, wellbutrin
37
examples of enteric-coated drugs
aspirin | need to be taken 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals
38
examples of suppositories
preparation H, monistat, birth control
39
examples of ointments
neosporin
40
examples of transdermal drugs
nitroglycerin, estrogen, nicotine
41
examples of parenteral injections
vaccines, morphine, epinephrine
42
examples of spray/mist drugs
asthma inhalers, nasal decongestants
43
what can happen if you consume alcohol with some drugs?
can increase or decrease the effect of many drugs, recommended to avoid
44
what can happen if you consume licorice with some drugs?
can inccrease the risk for Lanoxin (digoxin) toxicity | may also reduce the effects of blood pressure drugs or diuretics
45
what can happen if you consume chocolate with some drugs?
MAO inhibitors shouldn't be consumed with excessive amounts of chocolate caffeine in chocolate can also interact with stimulant drugs such as ritalin or sedative hypnotics (ambient)
46
what are the types of fruits that have interactions with drugs?
grapefruit/juice, apple juice, orange juice, calcium-fortified orange juice, grapes, pomegranate
47
what does grapefruit interact with?
calcium channel blockers, statins, antihistamines, cyclosporine
48
what does grapefruit juice, apple juice or orange juice interact with?
allegra
49
what can calcium-fortified orange juice interact with?
antibiotics
50
what foods does warfarin interact with?
broccoli, cauliflower, watercress, spinach, tomato, avocado, cranberry juice
51
what do grapes interact with?
cyclosporine
52
what does pomegranate interact with?
carbamazepine
53
what food does acetaminophen interact with?
broccoli, cauliflower, watercress
54
what food does diabetes medications interact with?
spinach, carrot
55
spinach does what to opioids?
increases the effect
56
what foods can interact with MAOIs?
avocado, aged cheese, draft beer, red wine, soy sauce, sauerkraut, sausage, pepperoni, salami, banana, chocolate, fava bean pods
57
why do MAOIs interact with so many foods?
because it degrades tyramine, so eating a lot of that can cause a spike in blood pressure and possible stroke
58
what does st. John's wort do?
used to treat anxiety and depression increases CYP enzymes (speeds up clearance)*** interacts with many medications and supplements do not take if taking any type of medication or supplements*** avoid high tyramimne foods (same as MAOIs)
59
things that will induce CYP (speeding up clearance, less of an effect on drugs)***
alcohol, caffeine, garlic, grape seed, licorice, st john's wort, tobacco
60
things that will inhibit CYP***
black cohosh, echinacea, feverfew, gingko, ginseng, goldenseal, grapefruit, milk thistle, peppermint
61
what happens if you give supplements or foods that interfere with CYP enzymes?
can cause toxicity or other life-threatening reactions
62
side effects of nutrient depletions
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, decreased absorption
63
what can be required for metabolism of a drug or supplement?
vitamins or minerals
64
antacids deplete what nutrients?
vitamin c, b12, d | calcium, iron, zinc, folic acid
65
antibiotics deplete what nutrient?
vitamin k
66
antidiabetics can deplete what nutrients?
vitamin b12, folic acid, thiamin, magnesium, CoQ10
67
antihypertensives can deplete what nutrients?
zinc, CoQ10, melatonin, copper, vitamin b6
68
NSAIDs can deplete what nutrients?
folate, iron, vitamin c, k, melatonin
69
SSRIs can deplete what nutrients?
sodium, melatonin
70
statins can deplete what nutrients?
CoQ10
71
poison
a substance taken into the body by ingestion, inhalation, injection or absorption that interferes with noral physiological functions and causes harm
72
antidote
a substance that neutralizes poisons or toxic substances
73
emetic
an agent that induces vomiting
74
adsorbent
substance that adsorbs (adjesion of atoms, ions or molecules to a surface), another substance activated charcoal
75
gastric lavage
pumping the stomach
76
what is the most common type of poisoning?
ingestion
77
who is most at risk for ingestion of poisoning?
children between 1 and 5 years old
78
what is the first step when someone is poisoned?
contact local poison control center for instructions or national hotline
79
what are some contraindecations for inducing vomiting?
``` coorosive substances(carbolic acid, ammonia, drain cleaners, oven cleaners, dishwasher detergent, lye) ingestion of volatile petroleum products (gas, kerosene, lighter fluid, benzene) ingestion of convulsants (strychine, iodine) if they are semiconscious, severely drunk, in shock, convulsing, no gag reflex, if they are less than a year old, people with cardiac or vascular disease ```
80
what percent of patients who visit a doctor leave with at least one prescritpion for medication?
2/3 (66%)
81
What percent of the US population have prescritpions for 4 or more medications?
40%
82
what can happen with a patient who has 4 or more medications?
the rate of adverse drugs reactions increases dramatically
83
what other drugs does warfarin interact with?
NSAIDs, sulfa, macrolides, quinolones, phenytoin, statins, thyroid hormones
84
what do ACE inhibitors interact with?
spironolactone, potassium
85
what do antihistamines interact with?
sedatives, tranquilizers, prescription for high blood pressure or depression
86
what percent of americans use dietary supplements?
50%
87
dietary ingredients
vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, botanicals
88
what are different drugs with dietary supplements?
st. john's wort, vitamin e,k, ginseng, ginkgo biloba
89
what can st john's wort do to medications?
inducer of CYP450 enzyme system (can reduce the concentration of medications in the blood)
90
what can vitamin e do to medications?
vitamin e and blood-thinning medications can increase anti-clotting activity and may cause an increased risk of bleeding
91
vitamin k counteracts what medication?
coumadin
92
what can ginseng do to medications?
can interferre with the bleeding effects of coumadin, heparin, aspirin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibprofen and naproxen)
93
what can ginkgo biloba do to medications?
high doses could decrease the effectiveness of anticonvulsant therapy (tegretol and depakote)

Toxicology Test 1 (4 decks)

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