part 1: phonetics and typical development part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
onset (consonants)
A
/s/ in sit or the /k/ in cup
2
Q
codas (consonants)
A
/t/ in sit or the /p/ in cup
3
Q
voicing (consonants)
A
timing of the onset of VF vibration
4
Q
voiced consonants
A
the VFs are vibrating during the consonant
5
Q
voiceless consonants
A
VFs do not vibrate
6
Q
place of articulation
A
where the airstream modification takes place
where the modification of airstream takes place for a consonant
7
Q
labial poa
A
bilabial - lips come together
labiodental - teeth come together with lips
8
Q
interdental
A
tip of tongue between the upper and lower front teeth
9
Q
alveloar
A
made at alveolar ridge, where we make most of our sounds
/t, d, s, z, n, l/
10
Q
palatal
A
/sh, ch, j, y, r, vi(s)ion/
body of the tongue raised aganist the hard palate
11
Q
velar
A
/g/, /k/, /ng/
back part of the tongue against the soft palate
12
Q
glottal
A
sound made at the glottis or larynx
/h/
13
Q
manner of articulation
A
how the airstream is modified
the way in which the airstream is modified to produce a consonant
14
Q
stop (plosive)
A
air explodes
air is stopped entirely by completely obstructing the airstream within the oral cavity
15
Q
bilabial voiceless stop
A
/p/
16
Q
bilabial voiced stop
A
/b/
17
Q
alveolar voiceless stop
A
/t/
18
Q
alveolar voiced stop
A
/d/
19
Q
velar voiceless stop
A
/k/
20
Q
velar voiced stop
A
/g/
21
Q
nasals
A
produced by lowering the velum while completely obstructing the airstream within the oral cavity; all nasals are voiced
22
Q
voiced bilabial nasal
A
/m/
23
Q
voiced alveolar nasal
A
/n/
24
Q
voiced velar nasal
A
/ng/
25
fricatives
produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel or constriction in the vocal tract
26
voiceless labiodental fricative
/f/
27
voiced labiodental fricative
/v/
28
voiceless interdental fricative
voiceless /th/ - one with the line through it
29
voiced interdental fricative
voiced th - one with squiggly line on top
30
voiceless alveolar fricatice
/s/
31
voiced alveolar fricative
/z/
32
voiceless palatal fricative
/sh/ - fancy s
33
voiced palatal fricative
big 3 - like the s in vision
34
voiceless glottal fricative
h
35
affricates
combo of a stop and a fricative
-an affricate is a single phoneme. a stop followed by fricative is a sequence of two phonemes
36
voiceless palatal affricate
ch - t with squiggly s
37
voiced palatal affricate
j - d3
38
approximants
includes liquids and glides
-similar to vowels but they appear in syllables as either onsets or codas
39
glides
approximant consonants produced with a gliding motion of the articulators - they are always onsets 0 prevocalic
40
liquids
approximant consonants produced with a stable articulatory setting
41
voiced labiovelar glide
w
42
voiced palatal glide
y - which is j in ipa for some reason
43
voiced alveolar liquid
l
44
voiced palatal liquid
/r/ or upside down /r/ (reef)
45
/i/
high, front, tense, unrounded vowels
key
46
/I/
high, front, lax, unrounded vowel
win, dish
47
/e/
mid, front, tense, unrounded
rebate
48
/E/
mid, front, lax, unrounded
red, bet
49
/ae/
low, front, lax, unrounded
had, bat
50
upside down e
mid, central, lax, unrounded, unstressed
about, away, cinema
51
/^/
mid, central, lax, unrounded, stressed
bud, cup, luck
52
upside down e with squiggly
mid, central, lax, rounded, unstressed
butter, bert
53
big e with squiggly
mid, central, tense, rounded, stressed
bird, turn, learn
54
/u/
high, back, tense, rounded
moon, boot
55
horshoe
high, back, lax, rounded
wood, put, book
56
o and horshoe
high-mid, back, tense, rounded
okay
57
/aI/
Diphthong, mid, central
buy/my
58
a and horseshoe
Diphthong, high-mid, back
how/now
59
backwards c and I
diphthong, high-mid, central
boy/noise
60
backwards c
low, mid, back, tense, rounded
law
61
/a/
low, back, tense, unrounded
cod
62
acoustics
the study of physical properties of sound
63
time
in acoustics, time refers to the duration of a sound
64
frequency
of cycles of a wave completed in one second
65
pitch
our perception of the fundamental frequency of speech; quality of human speech
66
intensity
amplitude (loudness) of a sound
67
waveform
graphical representation of sound in which intensity appears on the y-axis and time appears on this x-axis
68
sine wave (simple tone)
have one frequency
69
complex tone (waveform)
has more than one frequency; combo of simpler waves
70
spectrum
graphical representation of sound in which intensity appears on the y-axis and frequency is on the x-axis
71
larynx produced the source sound for speech
true
72
properties of source spectrum
harmonics
fundamental frequency
73
harmonics
component of frequency in a complex sound
74
fundamental frequency
the first harmonic
75
formants
peaks in the spectrum - across multiple harmonics - where intensity for a particular frequency is greater than for surrounding frequencies
76
fundamental frequency
base frequency or pitch of a person's voice
77
vowel acoustics:
waveforms and spectra
78
low vowels have a _____ F1
high
79
back vowels have a ____ F2
low
80
consonant acoustics
VOT and voicing
81
voice-onset time (VOT)
the time from the burst onset to the start of voicing in the following vowel
82
burst
the acoustic energy created by the release of the stop
83
voiced stops have short VOT, voiceless stops have long VOT
VOT signals the voicing features of stop
84
how do you tell the difference between pear and bear?
voice onset time!
85
voice bar
-is the fundamental frequency in a spectogram
-the vocal chords are moing weven when your mouth is closed
86
what is the difference between ape and abe?
the voice bar in abe
87
formant transition
changes to the trajectory of a formant caused by the place of articulation of an adjacent consonant
88
what acoustic cue helps us hear the difference between abe and aid?
formant transitions
89
formant transitions indicate place of artic. for
initial, medial, and final stops
90
fricatives
broadband noise resulting from the turbulence from a constriction in the vocal tract
91
/s/ has
the most noise high up on the spectrum
92
sh has
a lower noise than s
93
/f/ and voiceless th look similar and this is why
kids sometimes pronounce one for the other
94
voiceless fricatives
have a greater energy due to turbulence
95
voiced fricatives
have energy from voicing (vertical striations) and a voice bar but less noise from turbulence
96
sibilant fricatives
-alveolar and palatal fricatives
-have greater intensity than other fricatives, including more well-defined spectral shapes
/s, sh, z, and vision/
97
non-sibilant fricatives
have less intensity than other fricatives
diffuse noise across from a larger number of frequecies
/f, v, voiced and voiceless th, h/
98
affricates
99
nasal formants are
nasal fromants are typically very low
100
glides
101
liquids
102
what sounds are typical for 2 years old?
b, d, h, m, n, and p
103
what sounds are typical for 3 year olds?
f, g, k, t, w,ng
104
what sounds are typical for 4 years old?
kw
105
what sounds are typical for 5 years old?
ch, j, l, s, sh, y, bl, z
106
what sounds are typical for 6 years old?
r, v, br, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr, kl, kr, pl, st, tr
107
what sounds are typical for 7 years old?
z, sl, sp, sw, th
108
girls are ____ likely to need intervention for speech
less
109
