part 2

Question 1

physical requirements for growth

Answer 1

temperature
ph
osmotic pressure

Question 2

chemical requirements for growth

Answer 2

carbon
N,S,P
trace elements
O2/oxygen
organic growth factors

Question 3

essential elements in chemical requirements for bacterial growth

Answer 3

C, H,O,N,P, S

Question 4

various components of bacterial structure

Answer 4

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 5

supplied from water added to the culture medium

Answer 5

hydrogen and oxygen

Question 6

supplied by carbohydrates

Answer 6

carbon

Question 7

bacteria also get energy in the form of ____ from carbohydrate breakdown

Answer 7

ATP

Question 8

it is a major components of proteins and nucleic acids.

Answer 8

nitrogen

Question 9

it is obtained from mainly ammonia, usually in the form of ammonium salts.

Answer 9

nitrogen

Question 10

are obtained from environment or from deamination of amino acids

Answer 10

ammonium salts

Question 11

ig is a part of proteins and coenzymes. it is obtained from sulphates

Answer 11

sulphur

Question 12

many bacteria reduce these ____ to hydrogen sulphide

Answer 12

sulphates

Question 13

it is required for nucleic acids, ATP coenzymes. etc.

Answer 13

phosphorus

Question 14

these elements are required in trace amounts and are provided from various food sources

Answer 14

potassium
calcium
magnesium
iron
copper
cobalt
manganese
molybdenum
zinc

Question 15

required by bacteria for their growth and maintenance

Answer 15

bacterial vitamins

Question 16

may be essential for some and accessory for other bacteria

Answer 16

growth factor

Question 17

what are the environmental factors affecting growth?

Answer 17

water
oxygen
carbon dioxide
temperature
hydrogen ion concentration
light
osmotic pressure
symbiosis and antagonism

Question 18

bacterial cells consist of how many percent of water?

Answer 18

80%

Question 19

detrimental for most bacteria
ex: treponema pallidum

Answer 19

dehydration

Question 20

can resist drying for months

Answer 20

staphylococcus

Question 21

are particularly resistant to dessication and may survive in dry state for several decades

Answer 21

spores

Question 22

it is a method of preservation of bacteria, viruses and many labile biological materials

Answer 22

freeze drying or lyophilization

Question 23

bacteria which require oxygen for growth

Answer 23

aerobe

Question 24

bacteria which do not require oxygen for growth

Answer 24

anaerobe

Question 25

bacteria which grow only in the presence of oxygen ex. pseudomonas, bacillus

Answer 25

obligate aerobe

Question 26

bacteria which are aerobe but can grow with lack of oxygen or in absence of oxygen ex. streptococci

Answer 26

facultative anaerobe

Question 27

bacteria which grow with trace amounts of oxygen ex. listeria monocytogenes

Answer 27

microaerophilic

Question 28

bacteria which strictly grow in the absence of oxygen. they may die on exposure to oxygen. ex. clostridia, bacteroides

Answer 28

obligate anaerobes

Question 29

anaerobes which do not require oxygen but tolerate the presence of oxygen

Answer 29

aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 30

provided by cellular metabolism and from environment

Answer 30

carbon dioxide

Question 31

may not produce enough CO2 from cellular metabolism and may require additional CO2 from exogenous sources

Answer 31

fastidious organisms

Question 32

how many percent of CO2 is supplied for organisms in culture

Answer 32

5-10%

Question 33

requiring excess amount of CO2 ex. brucella aburtos

Answer 33

capnophilic

Question 34

variable requirement

Answer 34

temperature

Question 35

the lowest temperature at which the organisms can survive and replicate

Answer 35

minimum growth temperature

Question 36

the temperature that organisms grows best and healthiest

Answer 36

optimum growth temperature

Question 37

the highest temperature at which growth can occur

Answer 37

maximum growth temperature

Question 38

is the lowest temperature at which all microbes are killed in a 10 mins exposure

Answer 38

thermal death point (TDP)