part 3

Question 1

bacteria which grow below 20°C (cold temp)

Answer 1

psychrophiles

Question 2

grow between 20-40°C (moderate temp)

Answer 2

mesophiles

Question 3

most pathogenic bacteria

Answer 3

mesophiles

Question 4

wide range 5-43°C

Answer 4

pseudomonas

Question 5

narrow range 30-39°C

Answer 5

Gonococcus

Question 6

bacteria which grow at higher temp 60-80°C

Answer 6

thermophiles

Question 7

up to 250°C

Answer 7

bacillus stearothermophilus

Question 8

average ph requirement of most bacteria, which matches ph in human body environment

Answer 8

7.2-7.6

Question 9

bacteria grow in acidic ph
ex. lactobacilli in ph=3 and fungi

Answer 9

acidophilic

Question 10

some bacteria grow in alkaline ph

Answer 10

alkaliphiles

Question 11

ph 10.5

Answer 11

alakaligenes

Question 12

light

Answer 12

most bacteria prefer darkness for growth

Question 13

some bacteria that require sunlight are called

Answer 13

phototropic

Question 14

exposure to light may influence

Answer 14

pigment production

Question 15

they form a pigment only on exposure to light and not when incubated in the dark

Answer 15

Photochromogenic mycobacteria

Question 16

how many percent of NaCl (sodium chloride) are added to culture media to provide suitable osmolarity

Answer 16

0.5% NaCl

Question 17

sudden exposure to hypertonic solutions may cause osmotic withdrawal of water and shrinkage of protoplasm. this occurs more readily in gram negative than in gram positive bacteria

Answer 17

plasmolysis

Question 18

shrinkage is called?

Answer 18

crenation

Question 19

if the cell is a bacterial cell, having a rigid cell wall, does not shrink. instead, the cell membrane and cytoplasm shrink away from the cell. this condition is known as?

Answer 19

plasmolysis

Question 20

if the cell is a bacterial cell, having a rigid cell wall, when placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell may not burst. but the fluid pressure within the cell increases greatly

Answer 20

plasmoptysis

Question 21

if the pressure becomes so great that the cell ruptures, the escape of cytoplasm from the cell is referred to as?

Answer 21

plasmoptysis

Question 22

CELL swells up and sometimes bursts when place into

Answer 22

hypotonic solution

Question 23

of the cell bursts the bursting is called

Answer 23

hemolysis

Question 24

those microbes that prefer salty environments, such as concentrated salt water found in great salt lake and salt evaporation ponds are called

Answer 24

halophilic

Question 25

organisms that do not prefer living in salty environments but capable of surviving are called

Answer 25

haloduric organisms

Question 26

growth of one organism favours growth of another organism. ex. staphylococcus aureus streaked across haemophilus influenza favours its growth

Answer 26

symbiosis

Question 27

growth of one organism is detrimental to the other ex. pseudomonas hampers growth of gonococci

Answer 27

antagonism

Question 28

the study of genetics

Answer 28

heredity

Question 29

an organisms ____ is its complete collection of genes

Answer 29

genotype (or genome)

Question 30

an organisms ___ refers to its physical trait

Answer 30

phenotype

Question 31

an organisms ____ is the manifestation of that organisms genotype

Answer 31

phenotype

Question 32

direct all functions of the cell

Answer 32

genes

Question 33

a change in a DNA molecule (genetic alteration) that is transmissible to offspring is called

Answer 33

mutation

Question 34

what are the 3 categories of bacterial genetics mutation

Answer 34

beneficial mutations harmful mutations silent mutations

Question 35

mutation rate ( the rate at which mutations occur) can be increased by exposing cells to physical or chemical agents called

Answer 35

mutagens

Question 36

the organism containing the mutation is called?

Answer 36

mutant

Question 37

ways to acquire new genetic information

Answer 37

lysogenic conversion transduction transformation conjugation

Question 38

an extrachromosal DNA molecule is called?

Answer 38

plasmid

Question 39

an organism that acquires plasmid acquire new...

Answer 39

genes

Question 40

in lysogenic conversion ____ inject their DNA into a bacterial cell

Answer 40

temperate phages

Question 41

the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome but does not cause the lytic cycle to occur. this is known as

Answer 41

lysogeny

Question 42

the bacterial cell exhibit new properties, directed by the viral genes. this is referred to as?

Answer 42

lysogenic conversion

Question 43

"to carry across"

Answer 43

transduction

Question 44

in ____ bacterial genetic material is "carried across" from one bacterial cell to another by a bacterial virus, thus, in ____ bacteria acquire new bacterial genes.

Answer 44

transduction

Question 45

only small amount of ____are transferred by transduction

Answer 45

genetic material

Question 46

transfer of portion of DNA from one bacteria to another by bacteriophages

Answer 46

1. phage injects DNA 2. phage enzyme breaks down host DNA 3-4. cell created new phages,including phage and host DNA 5-6. transducting phage inserts donor DNA 7. donor DNA included in recipients chromosomes due to recombination

Question 47

a bacterial cell becomes genetically transformed following the uptake of DNA fragments ("naked DNA") from its environments

Answer 47

transformation

Question 48

the ability to absorb naked DNA into the cell is called

Answer 48

competence

Question 49

bacteria capable of absorbing naked DNA are said to

Answer 49

competent bacteria

Question 50

specialized type of pilus

Answer 50

sex pilus

Question 51

involves a specialized type of pilus called sex pilus

Answer 51

conjugation

Question 52

bacterial cell with a sex pilus

Answer 52

donor cell

Question 53

a bacterial cell with a sex pilus attaches sex pilus to another bacterial cell called

Answer 53

recipient cell

Question 54

some genetic material usually a plasmid is transferred from the donor cell to the recipient cell through a

Answer 54

conjugate pore

Question 55

a plasmid that contains multiple genes for antibiotic resistance is known as

Answer 55

resistance factor or R-factor

Question 56

a bacterial cell that receives an R-factor becomes a

Answer 56

"superbug"

Question 57

involves technique to transfer eukaryotic genes (particularly human genes) into easily cultured cells to manufacture important gene products

Answer 57

genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology

Question 58

frequently used as vehicles for inserting genes into cells

Answer 58

plasmid

Question 59

assemblages of bacterial cell attached to a surface and enclosed in an adhesive matrix that is the product of excretion by

Answer 59

cells and cell death

Question 60

is typically a mixture of polysaccharides, protein, and nucleic acids that bind the cell together

Answer 60

matrix

Question 61

a bacterial cell grown on surface, they commonly form

Answer 61

biofilms