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STATE EXAM PREP > part 3 > Flashcards

part 3 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Changes to genital organs with pregnancy?

A

Bluish purpleish discolouration of labia, vagina and cervix (chadwicks sign)
Cervical softening with mucous plug (goodells sign)
Abdominal enlargement
Breast enlargement and vascular engorgment
Colostrum secretion

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2
Q

When would abdominal enlargement occur during pregnancy?

A

Around the 12th week

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3
Q

When would you expect colostrum secretion in pregnancy?

A

Around the 16th week

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4
Q

How to diagnose a pregnancy?

A

Raised human chorionic gonadrotropin (hCG) 7-10 days (blood) and 3rd week (urine) after contraception
Steadily increases to maximum levels between the 8-11th week (pee stick/bloods)

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5
Q

What does an ultrasound see in pregnancy?

A

Uterine enlargement
Gestational sac
Foetal pulse
Foetal lie, presentation, position, size, number, death

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6
Q

When would a pregnant patient have a foetal electrocardiography?

A

12th week

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7
Q

How many bpm is a foetal heart?

A

120-160

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8
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo. Can cause birth defects or death

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9
Q

List 4 examples of teratogens?

A

Infectious disease like rubella
STI’s like syphilis
Drugs like diet pills
Environmental toxins like mercury

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10
Q

What are the 2 main hormones in pregnancy and what do they do?

A

Oestrogen: develops female sexual characteristics, maintains a healthy pregnancy, produced by the ovaries and placenta.
Progesterone: relaxes smooth muscles, causes uterine lining to thicken. Produced in the placenta

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11
Q

What are the 4 P’s in labour?

A

Powers: contractions and duration of labour
Passage: size of pelvis, type of pelvis, ability of cervix to dilate
Passenger: foetus, foetal head size, attitude, lie, positions, presentation
Psyche: preparations, people, professionals, environment

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12
Q

What duration of labour is typical for a primigravida?

A

12-20 hours

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13
Q

What duration of labour is typical for a multigravida?

A

6-12 hours

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14
Q

What is involution?

A

Uterus reduction to pre-pregnancy state.

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15
Q

What is lochia?

A

Vaginal discharge after delivery composed of endometrial tissue blood and lymph

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16
Q

What are 5 pieces of advice to give a pregnant woman?

A 
Stay smoke free
Zero alcohol
Folic scid and iodine intake
Avoid listeria (food poisoning)
Get blood and syndrome tests
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17
Q

When should a pregnant woman take folic acid?

A

Ideally once a day for 3 months prior to pregnancy and for the first 3 months of pregnancy

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18
Q

When should a pregnant woman take iodine?

A

One tablet per day throughout pregnancy

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19
Q

What are the blood tests needed through out pregnancy? (8)

A 
Blood group or rhesus factor
Haemoglobin or iron
Antibodies
Immunity to rubella
Hep B
Syphilis
HIV
Diabetes
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20
Q

What antenatal screening is offered in NZ?

A

Down’s syndrome and other genetic conditions

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21
Q

When can antenatal screening be done?

A

First trimester combined screening or if less than 14 weeks, can be done with a blood test and ultrasound scan

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22
Q

What does a antenatal screening look for?

A

The thickness of the back of the neck, known as the nuchal thickness in Down Syndrome

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23
Q

What is rubella?

A

usually a mild viral illness associated with a rash, fever and swollen glands in children

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24
Q

Symptoms of rubella?

A

Rash
Swollen neck glands
Sore joints
Feeling unwell

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25
Effects of rubella on an unborn child?
Blindness Deafness Heart defects Brain damage
26
What causes rubella immunity?
Previous case of rubella | Immunisation (MMR)
27
What does the MMR vaccine cover?
Measles, mumps, and rubella
28
When can your child get the MMR vaccine?
At 12 and 15 months
29
What is listeria?
A common bacterium which can cause uncommon but potentially serious illness called listeriosis. Found in milk products, soft cheeses, and uncooked meats. also in soil, water, plants, and animal and human faeces
30
How do people get listeriosis?
Eating contaminated food, in particular, ready to eat products and food with a long refrigeration life
31
Who is at risk of listeriosis?
Pregnant woman and their foetus Newborns Weak immune system patients Elderly
32
What are the symptoms of listeria?
``` Takes days to weeks to show: Mild fever Headache Aches and pains Vomitting ```
33
What can listeria lead to?
``` Meningitis Sepsis Miscarriage Premature or still birth Severe infection of a newborn baby ```
34
What does a baby need vitamin D supplement for?
To maintain healthy levels of calcium and phosphorus which helps build bones and teeth
35
What does low vitamin D put a baby at risk of?
Rickets which can lead to deformed and broken bones Abnormal bone growth Delayed physical development
36
Which food contains vitamin D?
Fatty fish Eggs Liver Milk and yogurt
37
What are rickets?
Bone disease ,Bowed legs no vit d and phosphorus
38
When should a baby start on solids?
after 6 months
39
How long does nz recommend breast feeding?
Until the baby is over 1 years old
40
List 5 benefits of breast feeding?
``` Antibodies build babies immunity Helps with brain development Bonding Saves cost of formula Less likely to develop breast and cervical cancer for mother ```
41
What illness does breastmilk help to protect babies from?
``` Eczema Asthma Bowel disease Cancer Type 2 diabetes ```
42
What is meconium?
The dark green substance forming the first feces of a newborn infant.
43
What is colostrum?
the substance that is released when a woman first begins to lactate, containing proteins and antibodies
44
What hormone initiates lactation?
Prolactin
45
What is oxytocin?
A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland in the hypothalamus that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labour and stimulates ejection of milk into breast ducts
46
What 5 things would you expect your 1 month old infant to be doing?
Can't focus more than 8-12 inches away Black and white patterns draw attention Hearing is fully developed Can lift head briefly and turn it to the side when on stomach Jerky arm movements, can get them to the mouth
47
List 5 red flags for a 1 month olds development?
``` Doesn't suck well Doesn't focus with eyes Seems stiff or floppy Doesn't react to loud sounds Doesn't react to bright lights ```
48
List 5 things to expect a 3 month old to do?
``` Imitates facial expressions Mimicks mum and dads sounds Head doesn't need supporting Open and close hands Can lift head and chest ```
49
What 5 things would you be concerned about if your 3 month old couldn't do?
``` Can't support head Can't grasp objects Can't smile Doesn't react to loud sounds Ignores new faces ```
50
What should you expect your 7 month old to do?
``` Smiles and laughs Has babbling conversations Rolls onto tummy and back Can sit without help Can support weight well enough to bounce when being held ```
51
What 5 things would you be concerned about if your 7 month old couldn't do?
``` Seems stiff or floppy Can't hold head steady Can't sit on own Doesn't respond to noises or smiles Isn't affectionate to those close to her ```
52
What would you expect your 8-12 old to be able to do?
``` Explore Crawl Able to sit up Might walk First words ```
53
What would you be concerned about in a 8-12 month old?
``` Doesn't crawl Can't stand with support Doesn't say any words Doesn't use gestures Doesn't explore ```
54
What would you expect a 1-2 yr old to do?
``` Go up and down stairs Stand on tip toes Kick a ball Run Short sentences ```
55
What would you be concerned about in a 1-2yr old?
``` Can't walk by 18 months Doesn't speak at least 6 words Loses skills previously had Can't follow simple instructions Can't understand use of familiar objects ```
56
What would you expect in a 2-3yr old?
``` Imagination Speech Open doors and containers Draws a circle Develops friendships (empathy and affection) ```
57
What would you be concerned about in a 2-3 yr old
``` Struggles with separation anxiety Doesn't interact with others Avoids eye contact Doesn't use more than 3 words in a sentence Has trouble scribbling ```
58
What are the 2 common types of middle ear problems?
``` Acute otitis media (ear infection) Glue ear (ear infection with effusion or secretions) ```
59
How can ear infections occur following a cold?
Bacteria and virus travel to the eustachian tube which connects the space behind the ear drum to the back of the nose, the germs infect this space. This can cause swelling and blocking of the tube and fluid and pus in the ear drum
60
What are s&s of an ear infection?
Fever Pain in ear Unwell Reduced hearing
61
What is the treatment for an ear infection?
pain relief | Antibiotics
62
What are complications of an ear infection?
Hearing loss Fluid collection usually lasting 12 weeks A hole in the eardrum
63
What immunisations are given to a child of 6 weeks?
Rotavirus 1 oral vaccine (Rotateq) Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenza type b 1 oral injection (infanrix) Pneumococcal 1 injection (prevenar 13)
64
What immunisations are given to a 3 month old?
Rotavirus 1 oral vaccine (rotateq) | Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenza type b 1 oral injection (infanrix)
65
When is rotavirus vaccine given?
6 weeks | 3 months
66
What vaccines are given at 5 months?
Rotaviras (Rotarix) oral | Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenza type b (infanrix)
67
What vaccines are given at 15 months?
``` Haemophilus influenza type b 1 injection (ACT-HIB) Measles mumps rubella 1 injection (MMR) chicken pox (virecella) ```
68
What immunisations are given at 4 years?
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenza type b 1 oral injection (infanrix)
69
What vaccines are given at 11 -12 years?
Tetanus diphtheria pertussis 1 injection (boostrix) | Human papillomavirus 2 doses given over 6 months (GARDASIL)
70
What vaccine is given at 45 years?
Diphtheria tetanus 1 injection (ADT booster)
71
What vaccine is given at 65 years?
Diphtheria and tetanus 1 injection (ADT booster) Influenza -anually Shingles (Zostavax)
72
What is naturally acquired active immunity?
Exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease and becomes immune as a result of a primary immune response
73
What is artificially acquired active immunity?
Can be induced by a vaccine a substance that contains the antigen
74
What is passive immunity?
Naturally acquired during pregnancy
75
How is measles spread?
Highly infections and contagious virus that spreads through the air, via breathing coughing and sneezing
76
How long are you infectious for after measles?
5 days before and 5 days after the rash disappears
77
What 5 complications can measles lead to?
``` Ear infection Diarrhoea Pneumonia Seizure Swelling of the brain(encephalitis) ```
78
What risks are involved in a pregnant woman getting measles?
Miscarriage Premature labour Low birth weight babies
79
What are the symptoms of measles?
``` A fever A cough Runny nose Pink eye Small white spots on the back inner cheeks of your mouth (Koplik spots) A rash ```
80
How is meningitis transmitted?
Difficult to spread as meningococcal bacteria doesn't live outside the body for very long. But can pass from one person to another through secretions from the nose or throat during close or prolonged contact eg coughing kissing sharing eating or drinking utensils
81
Who is at most risk of catching meningitis?
``` Babies Teenagers Weak immune system Respiratory infection Tobacco exposed Over crowded ```
82
What is the bacteria from meningococcal?
Bacteria neisseria meningitidis. There are several different groups of meningococcal bacteria including groups A B C Y and W135. In NZ the most common strains are group B and W
83
Can meningococcal be life threatening?
Yes it can cause sepsis or meningitis which is infection of the brain
84
What comes under section 8A of the MHA?
Application for assessment | Application must be in writing
85
What comes under section 9 of the MHA?
Notice to the patient to attend an assessment examination | Noticed is issued by a DAO
86
What comes under section 10 of the MHA?
Certificate of the preliminary assessment | Done by a psychiatrist
87
What comes under section 11 of the MHA?
Notice recruited to the patient to undergo a 5 day further period of assessment and treatment. It is compulsory
88
What happens under section 14 of the MHA?
Certificate of final assessment Application for compulsory treatment order Completed up to 14 days after section 13 Patient now under section 15
89
What occurs under section 29 of the MHA?
Compulsory COMMUNITY treatment order | Patient is still considered mentally disordered but can be managed out in the community
90
What occurs under section 111 of the MHA?
Notice of intention to detain on hospital grounds. Nurse can detain a patient for more than 6 hours from the time when a nurse first calls for a medical practitioner to examine the patient
91
How is a mental disorder defined by the MHA?
Abnormal state of mind characterised by delusions, disorders of mood or perception, volition or cognition of such a degree that poses a danger to the individual or others
92
What are the patients rights under the MHA?
``` Information Cultural identity Interpreter Appropriate treatment Informed regarding treatment Able to refuse video recording Independent psychiatric advice Legal advice Company and visitors Make calls Send and receive mail ```
93
what vaccinations are given at 12 months?
``` MMR (Priorix) Pneumococcal disease (Synflorix) ```

STATE EXAM PREP (4 decks)

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