Part 3: understanding sport and exercise environments

Question 1

why study competition

Answer 1

• significant part of social environment
• competition has a direct and indirect impact on all psych skills needed for performance
• competitive element of sport elicits intense psych reactions form participants

Question 2

what is the general definiton for competition

Answer 2

strive towards a goal or a standard

Question 3

what is the reward definition

Answer 3

rewards are distributes unequally

Question 4

what is the social evaluation definiton of competition

Answer 4

comparison of an individual’s performance is made with some standard in the presence of others, that aware of criteria and evalute the comparison

Question 5

can you compete against yourself

Answer 5

no - not from psych perspective

Question 6

what are martens 4 components of competition

Answer 6

Stage 1: objective competitive situation
Stage 2: subjective competitive situation
Stage 3: Responses
Stage 4: Consequences

Question 7

what are factors that make up the objective competitive situation (stage 1 of martens model of competition)

Answer 7

• social environment
• physical environment
• available rewards
• task characteristics

Question 8

what are factors that make up the subjective competitive situation (stage 2 of martens model of competition)

Answer 8

• competitive trait anxiety
• achievement motivation
• attitudes towards competition
• self-concept

Question 9

what are factors that make up the responses (stage 3 of martens model of competition)

Answer 9

physiological, psychological, behavioural

Question 10

what are factors that make up the consequences (stage 3 of martens model of competition)

Answer 10

• usually neg or pos
• usually socially evaluated and determined

Question 11

what determines if competition is good or bad

Answer 11

perception of an individual

Question 12

what are behaviour modification approaches that coaches, teachers and exercise leaders use

Answer 12

feedback, reinforcement, punishment

Question 13

what is behaviour detemined by

Answer 13

consequences

Question 14

why is feedback important for behaviour modification

Answer 14

• learning
• influence performance
• affects psych such as motivation, self-confidence, stress

Question 15

what are 2 ways feedback influences behaviour

Answer 15

1. info
2. motivation

Question 16

what are two types of feedback

Answer 16

reinforcement
and
punishment

Question 17

what is the difference between reinforcements and punishments

Answer 17

reinforcement - strength
punsihment - weaknen

Question 18

what is positive reinforcement

Answer 18

contingent use of reward to increase behaviour

Question 19

what is negative reinforcement

Answer 19

contigent withdrawel of neg stimulis to increase behaviour

Question 20

what id punishment feedback

Answer 20

neg stimulis or removal of somthing positive in order to decrease behaviour

Question 21

what is behaviour controlled by

Answer 21

consequences

Question 22

what are the 3 guidelines for use of reinforcement

Answer 22

1. selecting behaviour to be increased (specific)
2. choosing an effective reinforcer
3. appyling reinforcement immediate and contingent

Question 23

who inspired the work of ecological dynamics and what did they both conclude

Answer 23

bernstein and gibson
- perception and action are seen together

Question 24

who was the founder of ecological psychology

Answer 24

gibson

Question 25

opportunities for behaviour is described as what

Answer 25

affordances

Question 26

what are the two types of energy flows generated by movement can be

Answer 26

invariant and variant

Question 27

what is invariant energy flow and variant

Answer 27

invariant - constant variant - changing

Question 27

what is an example of optical invariant

Answer 27

apple thrown towards you

Question 27

what are the two visual guidance of action

Answer 27

direct indirect

Question 27

what is the direct perception

Answer 27

of higher order variables can specify action - simple decision - take time to monitor environment

Question 28

what is indirect perception

Answer 28

complex decisions needed

Question 29

for visual guidance of action what sports is there a large amount of research of close coupling between perception and action

Answer 29

climbing , standing balance, long jump run-up, table tennis

Question 30

what sports develop more economic visual search patterns with practice

Answer 30

climbing

Question 31

in climbing overall number of exploratory fixation _____ whilst perfomatory fixation remain relatively _____

Answer 31

decrease stable

Question 32

how long is short term memory stored for

Answer 32

20-30 sec unless rehearsed

Question 33

what is working memory

Answer 33

temporarily stores recently presented material retrieves info from long-term storage to influence current problem solving

Question 34

what is long term memory

Answer 34

memories that are relatively permanent

Question 35

what doe chunking and analogies both help overcome

Answer 35

limitations of working memory

Question 36

through repetitve practice coordination can become locked in a pattern e.g. only breathing on one side of swimming stroke waht is this called

Answer 36

attractor

Question 37

what are the two ways we can get learner to modify technique

Answer 37

explicit and implicit

Question 38

what is explicit and what is implicit

Answer 38

explicit - conscious implicit - sub-conscious

Question 39

what is dual task

Answer 39

part of implicit - force movement change e.g. put imagine on side of pool to look at

Question 40

instructions, demo, feedback, guidance - are factors of what modify technique

Answer 40

explicit

Question 41

manipulate constraints, dual task, analogy, erroless learning are - are factors of what modify technique

Answer 41

implicit

Question 42

what is the definition of intrinsic motivation

Answer 42

activity pursued for its own sake in the absence of any extrinsic rewards for the love of the game

Question 43

intrinsically motivated behaviours are those that a person performs to feel _______ and __________

Answer 43

competent and self-determining

Question 44

what is the theory for extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motvation

Answer 44

cognitive evaluation theory

Question 45

what does the cognitive evaluation theory explains

Answer 45

differential effects of intrinsic on intrinsic motivation

Question 46

what is the critical aspect of the cognitive evaluation theory

Answer 46

evaluation - perception of the reward

Question 47

are extrinsic reward good or bad

Answer 47

not necessarily - how they are perceived

Question 48

what are the 2 perceptions of reward that affect intrinsic motivation

Answer 48

1. controlling aspect 2. information aspect

Question 49

how are controlling and information aspects seen

Answer 49

both of both - balancing act = see saw

Question 50

increase feeling of self-competence/self-control will______ intrinsic motivation

Answer 50

increase

Question 51

what are the 2 C's of cognitive evaluation theory

Answer 51

Competence and controlling

Question 52

what are some control implications for coaches to increase IM

Answer 52

- structure setting for success - realistic goals - reward contingent on performance not outcome - vary content of drills -

Question 53

what are some competence implications for coaches to increase IM

Answer 53

phase out (tangible) rewards as IM increases involve participants provide environment conductive to flow

Question 54

what are the products of flow (flow is connected to optimal level of arousal

Answer 54

task demands/challanges