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SPEX204 > Part 3: understanding sport and exercise environments > Flashcards

Part 3: understanding sport and exercise environments Flashcards

1
Q

why study competition

A
  • significant part of social environment
  • competition has a direct and indirect impact on all psych skills needed for performance
  • competitive element of sport elicits intense psych reactions form participants
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2
Q

what is the general definiton for competition

A

strive towards a goal or a standard

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3
Q

what is the reward definition

A

rewards are distributes unequally

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4
Q

what is the social evaluation definiton of competition

A

comparison of an individual’s performance is made with some standard in the presence of others, that aware of criteria and evalute the comparison

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5
Q

can you compete against yourself

A

no - not from psych perspective

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6
Q

what are martens 4 components of competition

A

Stage 1: objective competitive situation
Stage 2: subjective competitive situation
Stage 3: Responses
Stage 4: Consequences

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7
Q

what are factors that make up the objective competitive situation (stage 1 of martens model of competition)

A
  • social environment
  • physical environment
  • available rewards
  • task characteristics
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8
Q

what are factors that make up the subjective competitive situation (stage 2 of martens model of competition)

A
  • competitive trait anxiety
  • achievement motivation
  • attitudes towards competition
  • self-concept
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9
Q

what are factors that make up the responses (stage 3 of martens model of competition)

A

physiological, psychological, behavioural

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10
Q

what are factors that make up the consequences (stage 3 of martens model of competition)

A
  • usually neg or pos
  • usually socially evaluated and determined
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11
Q

what determines if competition is good or bad

A

perception of an individual

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12
Q

what are behaviour modification approaches that coaches, teachers and exercise leaders use

A

feedback, reinforcement, punishment

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13
Q

what is behaviour detemined by

A

consequences

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14
Q

why is feedback important for behaviour modification

A
  • learning
  • influence performance
  • affects psych such as motivation, self-confidence, stress
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15
Q

what are 2 ways feedback influences behaviour

A
  1. info
  2. motivation
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16
Q

what are two types of feedback

A

reinforcement
and
punishment

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17
Q

what is the difference between reinforcements and punishments

A

reinforcement - strength
punsihment - weaknen

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18
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

contingent use of reward to increase behaviour

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19
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

contigent withdrawel of neg stimulis to increase behaviour

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20
Q

what id punishment feedback

A

neg stimulis or removal of somthing positive in order to decrease behaviour

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21
Q

what is behaviour controlled by

A

consequences

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22
Q

what are the 3 guidelines for use of reinforcement

A
  1. selecting behaviour to be increased (specific)
  2. choosing an effective reinforcer
  3. appyling reinforcement immediate and contingent
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23
Q

who inspired the work of ecological dynamics and what did they both conclude

A

bernstein and gibson
- perception and action are seen together

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24
Q

who was the founder of ecological psychology

A

gibson

25
Q

opportunities for behaviour is described as what

A

affordances

26
Q

what are the two types of energy flows generated by movement can be

A

invariant and variant

27
Q

what is invariant energy flow and variant

A

invariant - constant
variant - changing

27
Q

what is an example of optical invariant

A

apple thrown towards you

27
Q

what are the two visual guidance of action

A

direct
indirect

27
Q

what is the direct perception

A

of higher order variables can specify action
- simple decision - take time to monitor environment

28
Q

what is indirect perception

A

complex decisions needed

29
Q

for visual guidance of action what sports is there a large amount of research of close coupling between perception and action

A

climbing
, standing balance, long jump run-up, table tennis

30
Q

what sports develop more economic visual search patterns with practice

A

climbing

31
Q

in climbing overall number of exploratory fixation _____ whilst perfomatory fixation remain relatively _____

A

decrease
stable

32
Q

how long is short term memory stored for

A

20-30 sec unless rehearsed

33
Q

what is working memory

A

temporarily stores recently presented material
retrieves info from long-term storage to influence current problem solving

34
Q

what is long term memory

A

memories that are relatively permanent

35
Q

what doe chunking and analogies both help overcome

A

limitations of working memory

36
Q

through repetitve practice coordination can become locked in a pattern e.g. only breathing on one side of swimming stroke

waht is this called

A

attractor

37
Q

what are the two ways we can get learner to modify technique

A

explicit and implicit

38
Q

what is explicit and what is implicit

A

explicit - conscious
implicit - sub-conscious

39
Q

what is dual task

A

part of implicit
- force movement change
e.g. put imagine on side of pool to look at

40
Q

instructions, demo, feedback, guidance
- are factors of what modify technique

A

explicit

41
Q

manipulate constraints, dual task, analogy, erroless learning are
- are factors of what modify technique

A

implicit

42
Q

what is the definition of intrinsic motivation

A

activity pursued for its own sake in the absence of any extrinsic rewards for the love of the game

43
Q

intrinsically motivated behaviours are those that a person performs to feel _______ and __________

A

competent and self-determining

44
Q

what is the theory for extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motvation

A

cognitive evaluation theory

45
Q

what does the cognitive evaluation theory explains

A

differential effects of intrinsic on intrinsic motivation

46
Q

what is the critical aspect of the cognitive evaluation theory

A

evaluation - perception of the reward

47
Q

are extrinsic reward good or bad

A

not necessarily - how they are perceived

48
Q

what are the 2 perceptions of reward that affect intrinsic motivation

A
  1. controlling aspect
  2. information aspect
49
Q

how are controlling and information aspects seen

A

both of both - balancing act = see saw

50
Q

increase feeling of self-competence/self-control will______ intrinsic motivation

A

increase

51
Q

what are the 2 C’s of cognitive evaluation theory

A

Competence and controlling

52
Q

what are some control implications for coaches to increase IM

A
  • structure setting for success
  • realistic goals
  • reward contingent on performance not outcome
  • ## vary content of drills
53
Q

what are some competence implications for coaches to increase IM

A

phase out (tangible) rewards as IM increases
involve participants
provide environment conductive to flow

54
Q

what are the products of flow (flow is connected to optimal level of arousal

A

task demands/challanges

54
Q
A

SPEX204 (7 decks)

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