Part I

Question 1

[person/s] made Fourier transformer that allows us to convert signals to digital, provide numerical values

Answer 1

Jean Baptiste and Joseph Fourier

Question 2

Introduce principles in electricity and magnetism

Answer 2

Hans Christian Oersted

Question 3

law of magnets induction and electromagnetism

Answer 3

Michael Faraday

Question 4

Created EM wave theory - categorize ionizing and non-ionizing radiation

Answer 4

James Clerk Maxwell

Question 5

Contributed to EM waves - radiofrequency

Answer 5

Heinrich Hertz

Question 6

Created rotating field in 1882

Answer 6

Nikola Tesla

Question 7

1956 SI unit for magnetic flux density

Answer 7

TESLA

Question 8

Strength of magnetism of MF in a specific area

Answer 8

Magnetic flux density

Question 9

coined the phrase NMR ( Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)

Answer 9

Wolfgang Pauli

Question 10

[year, person] first NMR experiment, observe that nucleon follow direction with magnetism

Answer 10

1937, Isidor Isaac Rabi

Question 11

[year, person] NMR Experiment on hydrogen atoms in solid and liquid state, observed a signal in the nucleus, NMR

Answer 11

1946
Felix Bloch - liquid state
Edward Purcell -solid state

Question 12

Used to measure signal from solid to liquid

Answer 12

Spectroscopy

Question 13

[year, person] invented MRI scanner INDOMITABLE, father of MRI

Answer 13

1977, Dr. Raymond Damadian

Question 14

[year, person] national inventors hall of fame - contributed by experimenting an animals

Answer 14

1989 Dr. Raymond Damadian

Question 15

[date] Damadian performed first whole body TRANSAXIAL PROTON DENSITY

Answer 15

July 3, 1977

Question 16

time for scanning in first MRI Scanner

Answer 16

4 hrs and 5 min

Question 17

Designed the implementing use of Gx, Gy and Gz. G (gradient)

Answer 17

Paul Lauterber

Question 18

[year, person] developed ECHOPLANAR IMAGING TECHNIQUE

Answer 18

1933 Peter Mansfield

Question 19

Vector quantity made up of a north and south pole

Answer 19

MF

Question 20

Atoms are composed of:

Answer 20

electrons, nucleus ( protons and neutrons)

Question 21

Most commonly used particle on MRI, nucleus is only made of 1 proton, also known as hydrogen

Answer 21

protium

Question 22

[proton spin] 3 Atomic movements

Answer 22

1. Electron rotate an orbit of particles
2. Electron rotate on own axis
3. Nucleus moving/spinning around own place

Question 23

Concentration of hydrogen atoms in tissue

Answer 23

Spin density

Question 24

high density (high hydrogen atom) = higher signal

Answer 24

Wobbling

Question 25

Pathway for rotation

Answer 25

Precession

Question 26

Spin of the nuclues

Answer 26

Angular momentum

Question 27

provides direction

Answer 27

Applied MF

Question 28

The frequency at which the nucleus precess is a function of both the strength of the MF and particular nuclear

Answer 28

Larmour Relationship

Question 29

Larmour Relationship

Answer 29

The frequency at which the nucleus precess is a function of both the strength of the MF and particular nuclear

Question 30

Frequency used to stimulate H atoms, absorbs then release signal

Answer 30

1-100 MHz

Question 31

Energy applied to pt, lower part of EM Spectrum, absorbed by nucleus

Answer 31

RF

Question 32

Summation of all the magnetic moments of the individual nuclei

Answer 32

Net magnetization

Question 33

Explain phase coherent (one direction)

Answer 33

Happens only introduction of magnetism Photons precess at the same Larmour frequency in MHz and synchronized at the same point of phase

Question 34

Photons precess at the same Larmour frequency in MHz and synchronized at the same point of phase

Answer 34

Phase coherent

Question 35

Explain Free Precession (incoherent)

Answer 35

H is in any direction, natural state Each proton precess at their own phase and is unsynchronized

Question 36

Each proton precess at their own phase and is unsynchronized

Answer 36

Free Precession

Question 37

Other name for Relaxation time: T1

Answer 37

Spin Lattice RT/ Longitudinal RT

Question 38

Energy is transferred from the excited proton (spin) to the molecular surrounding (lattice)

Answer 38

Spin lattice

Question 39

Time for the transverse component of net magnetism to decay at 37% of its original value

Answer 39

Relaxation time/T2

Question 40

Other name for relaxation time/T2

Answer 40

Spin spin relaxation time

Question 41

Signals becomes week and net magnetization goes to free phase

Answer 41

Decay/dephase