Part II

Question 1

Eupnea

Answer 1

Normal breathing

Question 2

What is the normal arterial CO2?

Answer 2

40mmHg

Question 3

How many breaths per minute is normal?

Answer 3

12-17 breaths per minute

Question 4

Hyperpnea

Answer 4

Increased pulmonary ventilation matching metabolic demand

Question 5

What is the arterial CO2 for hyperpnea?

Answer 5

40mmHg

Question 6

Hyperventilation

Answer 6

Increased pulmonary ventilation, decreased metabolic demand

Question 7

What is the arterial CO2 for hyperventilation?

Answer 7

Arterial CO2

Question 8

Hypoventilation

Answer 8

Decrease pulmonary ventilation, normal metabolic demand

Question 9

What is the arterial CO2 for hypoventilation?

Answer 9

Arterial CO2 > pulmonary ventilation

Question 10

Apnea

Answer 10

Absence of breathing

Question 11

Dyspnea

Answer 11

Difficulty breathing

Question 12

Orthopnea

Answer 12

Difficulty breathing when recumbent

Question 13

Who gets orthopnea?

Answer 13

People with congestI’ve heart failure, asthmatics, lungs failure patients

Question 14

Tachypnea

Answer 14

Increased frequency of breathing

Question 15

Is tachypnea good or bad?

Answer 15

Depends, could be because of exercise or hyperventilation

Question 16

Do lungs have a natural tendency to collapse?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

What prevents the lung from collapsing?

Answer 17

Surface tension forces (2/3) and elastic fibers (1/3)

Question 18

What happens when the pleural space comes in to contact with the atmosphere?

Answer 18

The pleural pressure equals the atmospheric pressure and the lung collapses

Question 19

What is a collapse lunget caused by?

Answer 19

Puncture wound
Erosion of visceral pleura
Blockage of major airway

Question 20

Why would a blockage of a lunch get cause collapse?

Answer 20

The air distal to the block will be absorbed by the blood

Question 21

What is pleural fluid?

Answer 21

Thin layer of mucous that provides lubrication

Question 22

What kind of fluid is pleural fluid?

Answer 22

Transudate

Question 23

What is the total amount of pleural fluid in the lung?

Answer 23

A few mL

Question 24

How is excess pleural fluid removed?

Answer 24

Lymphatics in mediastinum, superior surface of diaphragm, lateral surfaces of parietal pleural

Question 25

What helps make negative pleural pressure?

Answer 25

Pleural fluid

Question 26

What is the purpose of surfactant?

Answer 26

Reduces surface tension forces by forming a monomolecular layer between aqueous fluid lining the alveoli and air, preventing water-air interference

Question 27

What is surfactant produced by?

Answer 27

Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells

Question 28

What is surfactant made of?

Answer 28

Phospholipids, proteins, dipalmitoyl lecithen, surfactant apoproteins, calcuim

Question 29

Why is surfactant important?

Answer 29

Without surfactant, smaller alveoli have increased collapsing pressure and tends to empty into larger alveoli

Question 30

What is the law of Laplace?

Answer 30

P= 2T/r

Question 31

As alveolar size decreases, surfactant is concentrated which decreases surface tension forces, offsetting the decrease in radius

Answer 31

...

Question 32

What is interdependance?

Answer 32

Size of one alveoli determined in part by surrounding alveoli

Question 33

What lung capacities cannot be determined by basic spirometry?

Answer 33

RV, TLC, FRC

Question 34

What is the equation to find FRC? What does it mean?

Answer 34

FRC= ([Hei]/[Hef])Vi ``` Hei= initial concentration of the helium Hef= final concentration of the helium Vi= initial volume of air in the jar ```

Question 35

How do you determine RV?

Answer 35

RV= FRC-ERV

Question 36

How do you determine TLC?

Answer 36

TLC= RV+VC

Question 37

What parts of the lung capacity decrease with restrictive lung conditions?

Answer 37

VC, IRV, IC

Question 38

How do you determine minute respiratory volume?

Answer 38

Respiratory rate x total volume

Question 39

How do you determine forced expiratory volume?

Answer 39

Forced expiratory volume/vital capacity

Question 40

What are the pulmonary flow rates?

Answer 40

Minute respiratory volume, forced expiratory volume, peak expiratory flow, max very tilatory volume