Part I

Question 1

Describe the pathway of ventilation.

Answer 1

Cerebral cortex and other higher brain centers –> respiratory center (medulla) –> spinal cord –> respiratory muscles –> lung and chest wall–> respiratory membrane –> blood

Question 2

What is the point of the respiratory center?

Answer 2

Sets the basic drive of ventilation

Question 3

Where does ventilation actually occur?

Answer 3

At the lung and chest wall

Question 4

How many layers are there for the respiratory membrane? What are the room layers?

Answer 4

2, respiratory membrane and capillary wall

Question 5

What do mechanoreceptors control?

Answer 5

Coughing, airway constriction, hyperventilation

Question 6

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

Answer 6

CO2, O2, pH in the blood

Question 7

What is the coupled reaction in the ventilation cycle?

Answer 7

Ventilation of alveoli coupled with perfusion of pulmonary capillaries

Question 8

Alveolar pressure oscillates around what?

Answer 8

Atmospheric pressure

Question 9

Where does alveolar pressure sit during Inspiration?

Answer 9

Below atmospheric pressure

Question 10

Where does alveolar pressure sit during expiration?

Answer 10

Above atmospheric pressure

Question 11

Where does alveolar pressure sit at the end of either expiration or inspiration?

Answer 11

Alveolar = atmospheric

Question 12

Define Transpulmonary pressure.

Answer 12

Measures the recoil tendency of the lung, which peaks at the end of inspiration

Question 13

TLC Definition

Answer 13

Total lung capacity, lungs at full inflation

Question 14

TLC

Answer 14

IRV TV ERV RV

Question 15

IC definition

Answer 15

Inspiration capacity, max volume one can inspire

Question 16

IC

Answer 16

TV IRV

Question 17

FRC definition

Answer 17

Functional residual capacity, air left in lungs after normal expiration

Question 18

FRC

Answer 18

RV ERV

Question 19

IRV definition

Answer 19

Inspiratory reserve volume, max volume after normal inspiration

Question 20

TV definition

Answer 20

Tidal volume, air moved in or out at each breath

Question 21

ERV definition

Answer 21

Expiration reserve volume, max volume you can expire after after normal expiration

Question 22

RV definition

Answer 22

Residual volume, air left in lungs after max expiration effort

Question 23

VC definition

Answer 23

Vital capacity, max air one exchanges in a respiratory exchange

Question 24

VC

Answer 24

IRV TV ERV

Question 25

Inspiratory muscles

Answer 25

Diaphragm, external intercostals, anterior serratus, posterior serratus, superior serratus, Levator costarum, scalenes

Question 26

Expiration muscles

Answer 26

Abdominals, internal intercostals, posterior serratus, inferior serratus, transverse thoracis, pyramidals

Question 27

What to inspiratory muscles do?

Answer 27

Lift rib cage, EXCEPT diaphragm

Question 28

What does the diaphragm do?

Answer 28

Drops floor of the thoracic cage

Question 29

What do expiration muscles do?

Answer 29

Pull riback cage down during forced expiration, otherwise expiration is passive

Question 30

Define pleural pressure.

Answer 30

Negative pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura

Question 31

What does pleural pressure do?

Answer 31

Keeps lung inflated against chest wall

Question 32

What is alveolar pressure?

Answer 32

Subatmospheric during Inspiration, supratmospheric pressure during expiration

Question 33

Describe parietal pleura.

Answer 33

Firmly attached to the thoracic cage and reflects back at the hillman to form the visceral pleura

Question 34

Describe visceral pleura.

Answer 34

Firmly attached to lungs

Question 35

Describe the recoil relationship at the end of expiration.

Answer 35

Chest wall forces are opposite, but equal to lungs recoil forces

Question 36

What is the equation for compliance?

Answer 36

Change in pressure divided by the change in time

Question 37

Define hysteresis

Answer 37

When the plegal pressure changes at a faster rate than the lung expands during Inspiration

Question 38

Why is it easier to fill a saline lung compared to an air filled lung?

Answer 38

Because the surface tension forces have been eliminated in the saline filied lung

Question 39

What does the thoracic cage do to the compliance of the lung?

Answer 39

The thoracic cage reduces the compliance of the lung by 1/2 at the end of a normal expiration (functional residual capacity)

Question 40

When is compliance greatly reduced?

Answer 40

At high or low lung volumes

Question 41

What is the primary factor in the work of breathing?

Answer 41

Elastic work/compliance work

Question 42

What are other ways of work for breathing?

Answer 42

Tissue resistance work, airway resistance work, energy required for ventilation

Question 43

Ventilation takes up how much of the body's total energy?

Answer 43

3-5%

Question 44

What is tissue resistance work?

Answer 44

Viscosity of chest and lung wall