Passler Exam 2 Flashcards
(66 cards)
5 components of the neurologic exam?
mentation gait analysis postural reactions cranial nerves spinal reflexes
Layers to penetrate for CSF tap?
skin–>lumbosacral fascia–>interarcuate ligament–>dura mater–>arachnoid meningeal layer
What does turbidity of CSF indicate?
increased white cell number
Two potential causes for foam in CSF?
increased protein
improper sample handling
What does protein in CSF indicate? Sources of protein?
BBB is not intact;
blood (albumin) and immunoglobulins
When should you preform the cell count on CSF
less than 2 hours after collection
What does each cell type indicate in the CSF
1) neutrophils
2) lymphocytes
3) macrophages
4) eosinophils
1) bacterial meningitis
2) viral meningoencephalitis; listeriosis
3) trauma; PEM
4) parasite migration
Most common cause of symmetric cerebral signs?
Metabolic abnormalities
dehydration, acid/base abnormalities, electrolyte disturbances
4 causes of PEM; which is most common
salt toxicity
lead poisoning
thiamine deficiency (most common)
sulfur toxicity
What is PEM
Polioencephalomalacia
softening of grey matter of the brain
Pathophysiology of thiamine deficiency
Thiamine is required for cerebral glucose metabolism; without it, no glucose is available–>disrupts membrane pumps (Na/K)–>Na builds up in cell, water follows–>neuronal edema
Most common cause of thiamine deficiency?
Rumen acidosis/disruption
Describe sulfur toxicity
excess sulfur leads to creation of H2S–>inhibits cytochrome C (no oxidative respiration)–>can’t make ATP–>cell swells
How does lead toxicity cause PEM
replaces Ca in enzymatic processes (i.e. ones that supply energy to the brain)
Two causes of salt toxicity
water restriction
salt poisoning
how does salt toxicity lead to PEM
neurons sense water loss and retain electrolytes–>rapid intake of water–>influx into neurons
*longer the deprivation, the more severe the edema
Basophilic stippling is diagnostic for which cause of PEM
lead toxicity
Tx for PEM?
Thiamine (neuroprotectant)
What does rabies cause in the brain
nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis
How long until rabies causes death
1 week
Considered the “gold standard” for diagnosing rabies
Fluorescent antibody test (FA)
What diagnostic tool should you NOT use with rabies
CSF Tap
T/F: Rabies is a core vaccine
False
Cause of BSE? (describe changes)
infections protein (Prion); changes normal PrPc to PrPSc
