Past paper stuff Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
what is yeast means of cell division
A
budding
2
Q
what is bacterium means of cell division
A
binary fission
3
Q
does yeast have a nucleus ?
A
yes
4
Q
what is the material in cell wall of bacterium ?
A
peptidoglycan
5
Q
are ribosomes present in plants and yeast ?
A
yes
6
Q
name two types of cells found in phloem
A
- companion cell
- sieve element
7
Q
why do single celled organisms not need specialized gas exchange systems ?
A
very small organism with large SA:Vol ratio, so diffusion pathway is short
8
Q
what is the process of expelling substances from cells called ?
A
exocytosis
9
Q
state function of smooth muscle in lungs
A
constrict / reduce diameter of airways
10
Q
why must cells be stained ?
A
to increase contrast and make cells visible
11
Q
describe the roles of cytoskeleton
A
- supports cell
- moves cilia / flagella
- exo / endocytosis
- moves organelles
12
Q
name one organelle structure present in animals and not in plants
A
centriole
13
Q
describe how hydrogen carbonate ions are produced in erythrocytes
A
- CO2 diffuses into RBC and combines with water
- with carbonic anhydrase enzyme, carbonic acid is produced
- this dissociates into H+ and HCO3 - ions
14
Q
how does Bohr shift reduce amount of oxygen transported ?
A
- reduces affinity for oxygen
- CO2 alters shape of haemoglobin
15
Q
in vascular bundle, which is on top / bottom ?
A
top - xylem
bottom - phloem
16
Q
what is ultra structure ?
A
the detailed structure of cells that is visible only with an electron microscope
17
Q
how are guard cells adapted for their role
A
- unevenly thickened cell wall
- able to change shape
18
Q
what to remember to mention with xylem walls ?
A
lignin and pits
19
Q
what tissue has cilia ?
A
ciliated
20
Q
how are alveoli adapted ?
A
- elastic (recoil) which helps ventilation
- large no. of them (high SA)
- surfactant
- 1 cell thick (squamous)
21
Q
what does surfactant do in lungs ?
A
reduces surface tension of fluid and makes alveoli more stable (prevents collapsing)
22
Q
why must fetal haemoglobin have high affinity for oxygen ?
A
must be able to bind to oxygen at low partial pressure
23
Q
what to remember with enzyme / substrate ?
A
- active site
- induced fit
24
Q
what to remember when describing enzyme graphs ?
A
- collisions w/ active site
- Vmax
25
what word to use when describing enzyme in high pH
denature
26
what are the bonds in cellulose ?
beta 1-4 glycosidic bond
27
why is lock + key / induced fit described as models ?
it is a representation of the process
28
why is induced fit now more accepted that lock + key ?
supported by more evidence
29
describe translation in 5 steps
- mRNA moves to ribosome
- tRNA has anticodon complementary to codon
- tRNA anticodon binds to mRNA codon
- specific amino acid attaches to tRNA
- repeat with rRNA catalysing peptide bond formation between amino acids
30
a gene is a section of DNA that codes for the production of a ...
polypeptide
31
state how glucose is suited for its function :
- soluble (transport)
- easily broken down to release energy
- small (transport between membranes)
32
where are glyco lipids/proteins situated with membrane ?
sticking out of the membrane
33
state three functions of membranes of membranes within cells
- separate contents from cytoplasm
- form vesicle / organelle
- site for enzyme attachment
34
what does cholesterol do to cell membrane ?
stabilize
35
what is the model of the cell membrane called ?
fluid mosaic
36
describe route water takes through cell membranes
- channel proteins
| - passes between lipids
37
two things you can do to make experiment more reliable ...
- calculate a MEAN
| - identify anomalous results
38
state the order of the cardiac myogenic muscle cycle
SAN -- R&L atria contract -- AVN -- bundle of His -- Purkyne tissue -- R&L ventricles contract
39
what is the haemoglobin equation ?
Hb + 4O2 -- HbO8
40
why are phagocytes described as secondary defense ?
defense after pathogen has entered body
41
why are phagocytes considered non specific ?
target a range of different pathogens
42
why must influenza vaccine change every year ?
- different strains of the pathogen mutate
- antigens change
- antibodies have no effect on changed antigen
43
why are antibiotics not used on viruses ?
not effective on viruses (only effective on bacteria)
44
define transpiration
loss of water VAPOUR from leaves
45
define transpiration stream
movement of water from roots to leaves
46
what is systole ?
contraction
47
what is diastole ?
relaxation
48
why does pressure decrease between blood vessels ?
- lumen size increases
| - no. of vessels increases
49
what stain for TEM ?
heavy metal
50
what stain for SEM ?
reflective metal
51
"pumped" is an expression for what ?
active transport
52
"pumps" are ...
carrier proteins
53
what is pinocytosis ?
cell taking in liquid by "endocytosis"
54
what are the two ways to xylem from roots ?
- apoplast (through cell walls)
| - symplast (through cytoplasm + plasmodesmata)
55
what forces water into symplast ?
casparian strip (at the endodermis)
56
what substance does casparian strip contain ?
suberin (waterproof so water forced into cytoplasm)
57
how does water leave the leaf ?
water vapor diffuses out
58
what is ficks law ?
(SA x difference in conc) / thickness of membrane
59
define parasite
- lives in host
- feeds from host
- harms host
60
simply describe budding
- vesicle forms on surface of cell
- organelles + chromosomes duplicate (mitosis)
- organelles ... move to bud
- bud pinches off
61
how is plasmodium spread ? what cell does it latch on to ?
mosquito / erythrocytes
62
what to remember when describing antibody structure ?
light / heavy chains
63
how do antibodies "neutralise" pathogens
- cover binding site
- bind to toxins
- prevent binding to host cell
64
how can phagocytes pass through capillary walls ?
- histamines make leaky
| - lobed nucleus allows change in shape
65
how is TB spread ?
droplets
66
name the infective agent that cases TB
mycobacterium
67
what causes low income to have higher disease ?
- overcrowded
- poor ventilation
- poor diet
- less treatment available
68
give function of phospholipid bi layer
act as barrier
69
define cell signalling
communication between cells to trigger a response
70
when drawing chromosomes... remember ...
to draw centro meres
71
state function of elastic fibers in alveoli
stretch + recoil to force air out
72
what to remember when describing inspiration / expiration ...
below / above atmospheric pressure
| THORAX vol / pressure
73
what is the role of Atrioventricular node ?
delays impulse + sends impulse down to bundle of His
74
describe features of artery walls ...
- no valves
- endothelium folded
- elastic tissue
- smooth muscle
75
why is lignin needed ?
- strengthen
- keep tube open
- waterproof
76
describe the term resolution
closest 2 points can be and be distinguished as separate, giving clarity of image, so can see detail
77
why lignin structured in a spiral ?
allows for flexibility
78
give function of pits in xylem
- allows water to move between vessels
| - supply water to cells / tissues
79
water moves through which way most... apoplast / symplast ?
apoplast
80
name the co factor for amylase
chloride
81
name the co factor for carbonic anhydrase
zinc ions
82
why is their residual volume ?
- thorax cannot be fully compressed
| - trachea have cartilage
83
what type of variation occurs at metaphase 1 ?
independent assortment of homologous chromosomes
84
what type of variation occurs at metaphase 2 ?
independent assortment of chromatids
85
what type of variation occurs at prophase 1 ?
crossing over between chromatids
86
how does crossing over create variation ?
genetic material is swapped, giving a new combination of alleles
87
how do gametes give variation ?
diff gametes with diff genetic makeup fuse
88
what type of fatty acid do animals have ?
saturated - solid
89
what type of fatty acid do plants have ?
unsaturated - liquid
90
name the three tunicas
intima / intermediate / adventitia
91
give the two functions of lignin
- strengthen cell wall
| - waterproofing
92
what to remember for resolution definition...
gives detail
93
what are the pits for in the xylem?
allows water to pass through
94
suggest two processes inside cells that rely on cytoskeleton
- cytokinesis
| - movement of RNA
95
how do things move by the cytoskeleton ?
- move along micro filaments/tubules
| - uses ATP
96
Explain fetal haemoglobin (4)
- higher affinity for O2
- takes up O2 at lower pO2
- placenta has low pO2
- haem dissociates in placenta
97
name two medical conditions linked with obesity
- type 2 diabetes
| - coronary heart disease
98
what to say instead of signal when talking about the heart
impulse
99
what is diastole ?
relaxation
100
what is systole ?
contraction
101
specify the collisions when talking about enzymes
collisions w/ active site
102
when talking about neurotransmitters travelling, what word must use ?
diffuse
103
state reasons for importance of synapses
- ensures impulses travels one direction
- allows summation
- integration
- permits learning / memory
- filters out low level stimuli
104
what word to use instead of broken down ??
HYDROLYSE
105
outline process of how enzyme breaks down substrate
- sub binds to compl. shape of active site
- induced fit
- enzyme complex forms
- enzymes puts strain on bonds
- enzyme product forms
- product leaves active site
106
what shape are globular / fibrous ?
globular - spherical
| fibrous - linear
107
what does low Simpson's index of diversity show ?
- dominant species
| - habitat unstable
108
what is phylogeny and how is it related to classification ?
- relationship between history of organisms
| - basis of classification
109
what is function of recognition region in antibody ?
allows for recognition for phagocytes
110
what does an antibody bind to ?
pathogen antigen
111
how do antibodies neutralise toxins ?
- block binding site on pathogen
- binds to toxins
- prevents pathogen from binding to host cells
112
state 5 specific roles that sympathetic and parasympathetic oppose
heart rate / breathing rate / airways diameter / pupil diameter / peristalsis
113
where are hormones produced in mammals / plants ?
endocrine glands / plant tissues
114
other than chemiosmosis, what is the process that produces ATP?
substrate level phosphorylation (removing phosphate from a compound)
115
how to spell diafram
diaphragm
116
endocrine secretes ..
into blood
117
exocrine secretes ...
into ducts that lead to target tissues
118
pluripotent stem cells are ...
embryo stem cells (can differentiate to any)
119
multipotent stem cells are ...
adult stem cells (can differentiate to some)
120
define sister chromatid
identical copies of the same chromosome
