Flashcards in Past q 1 Deck (52)
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1
What are nociceptors?
It is a receptor of a sensory neuron (nerve cell). Pain reception " sensation is based on receptor function of nociceptive free nerve endings
2
What are proprioceptors?
Receptor is found in the same organ (muscle) as the effector (muscle). It is maintaining muscular tone. Definition: detection of changes in body posture. Function: information about
the posture and gait
3
What are exteroceptive reflex?
Receptor is found in an organ (skin) different from that of the effector (muscle)
4
What is Hyperalgesia?
Is an increased sensitivity to pain, which may be caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral nerves
5
Myasthenia gravis
Is an autoimmune disease or congenital neuromuscular disease, which results from antibodies that block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the junction between nerve and muscle. This prevents nerve impulses from triggering muscle contraction " muscle weakness.
6
If craniocervical part of spine damaged, what happens?
No UMN to front - and hind limb (Tetra paresis)
Respiratory failure
Decreased proprioception
7
Thoracolumbar part of spine damaged:
No LMN to hind limb
Front limb: normal
8
Caudocervical part of spine damaged:
Front limb: LMN
Hind limb: UMN
9
Lumbosacral part of spine damaged:
Front limb: normal
Hind limb: LMN
10
Altered function in LMN results in:
Hyporeflexy
Hypo-/atonia of muscles
Flaccid paresis
11
Greek meaning of “apoptosis”:
“Falling off” " programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms
12
Released in acute stress:
Catecholamine’s (Epinephrine (adrenalin), Norepinephrine)
13
Released in chronic stress:
Glucocorticoids
14
What can cause grass tetany?
Lack of magnesium (Hypomagnesaemia)
15
Pathogenesis of milk fever?
Decreased Ca. Decreased P. Increased Mg
16
Steroid hormones can cause:
Cushing’s disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)
17
Blood loss anaemia:
Acute bleeding leading to hypovolaemia
18
Chronic blood loss:
Caused by iron (Fe) deficiency
19
Urolith/bladder stone is caused by:
High P
20
Cushing ́s disease is the same as:
Hyperadrenocorticism
21
Addison ́s disease is the same as:
Hypoadrenocorticism
22
Which is a lipoprotein?
Is a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood
plasma. HDL, LDL, VLDL, IDL
23
Non-regenerative anaemia can be caused by:
Bracken fern toxicosis (pteridium aquilinum)
24
What can be the causes of haemolysis:
Babesia, is a protozoan parasite that infects red blood cells causing a disease known as babesiosis
25
Cheyne-Stokes breathing:
Gradual increase of breathing, followed by a gradual decrease in breathing, and then followed by a period of apnea
26
Hypothermia means:
Occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature and organ malfunction
27
In cholestasis:
Increase of GGT and ALKP
28
Altered function in UMN will result in:
Hyperreflexy
Spastic paresis
Rigidity
29
CRT acts on the:
Pituitary gland
30
Methaemoglobin is caused by:
Nitrates or copper
31
What are xenobiotics:
Foreign chemical not usually found in an organism (antibiotics and food additives)
32
Obstipation:
Extreme and persistent constipation caused by obstruction in the intestinal system
33
Vitium (defect) is a:
Stable condition
34
Is Mg important for iso-osmosis?
Not important
35
Venous pressure in the kidney:
Hypovolemic shock
36
Which is the most severe dehydration?
Hypertonic (total global dehydration)
37
Inflammation hemodynamic:
Vessel permeability increase
38
Ion involved in arrhythmias:
K+ (potassium)
39
Increase acid:
Increase anion gap.
40
Hypochloraemia is caused by:
Vomiting, abdominal displacement, diarrhea and sweating in horses
41
DIC is:
Not a primary condition
42
Left Displaced Abomasum / Right Displaced Abomasum is most common:
LDA most common without torsion
RDA is more severe, most often with torsion
43
Ethylene glycol toxicosis:
Metabolites damage the kidneys
44
Oncotic pressure decrease:
Less fluid taken back into the blood = filtration increases
45
Dalmatians:
Has no uricase enzyme, uric acid excretion decrease. Gout can occur
46
What is gout?
A form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint
47
Rhabdomyolysis:
Breakdown of striated muscles (low O2, free radicals, electrolyte imbalance, infection)
48
Spinal injury location:
Narrowed down to 1 of 4 sections
49
Which cranial nerve affects mastication in dog?
5th nerve, trigeminal nerve
50
Which cranial nerve affects mastication in horse?
7th nerve, facial nerve
51
Which cranial nerve affects mastication in ruminants?
12th nerve, hypoglossal nerve
52
