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Proc > PATH 179 LO 2 part 2 > Flashcards

PATH 179 LO 2 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is benign bone tumor?

A

displace soft tissue, Bone expansion, intact cortex with sclerotic margin

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2
Q

What is another name for osteochondroma?

A

exostosis

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3
Q

What is osteochondroma?

A

benign projection of bone with a cartilaginous cap.

  • Bone tumor
  • Childhood or teens, most common in knee
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4
Q

What is the cause of osteochondroma?

A

develops from the epiphyseal plate and grows laterally; usually runs parallel to bone and points away from the nearest joint

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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteochondroma?

A
  • soreness of adjacent muscles

- May be able to feel protuberance

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6
Q

What are the radiographic exams for osteochondroma?

A
  • x-ray
  • US
  • MRI
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7
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of osteochondroma?

A
  • expands locally thinning and scalloping of the cortex
  • Stippled, speckled ring-like calcification
  • Long axis of the tumor run parallel to the parent bne
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8
Q

What is the treatment of osteochondroma?

A

resection

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9
Q

What is enchondroma?

A

Slow growing benign tumors of cartilage that arise in the medullary canal (ectopic cartilaginous growth)

  • Children, young adults affected
  • Small bones of hands and feet
  • Expands bone and causes thinning an endosteal scalloping
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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of enchondroma?

A
  • Pain

- Enlargement of affected finger or limb

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11
Q

What are the radiographic exams for enchondroma?

A
  • x-ray
  • CT
  • Nuc med
  • MRI
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12
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of enchondroma?

A
  • stippled, speckled, ring or arc like (as compared to rest of bone)
  • Tumor expands, thins cortex and can cause pathologically fractures
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13
Q

What is the treatment of enchondroma?

A

resection

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14
Q

What is another name for giant cell tumor?

A

Osteoclastoma

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15
Q

Where is a giant cell tumor?

A
  • typically arises of the end of the distal femur or proximal tibia, after epiphyseal closure
  • Does NOT involve joint
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16
Q

What is the signs and symptoms of giant cell tumor?

A
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Limitation of movement
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17
Q

What are the radiographic exams for giant cell tumor?

A
  • x-rays
  • CT
  • MRI
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18
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for giant cell tumor?

A
  • Begins as an eccentric lucent lesion in the metaphysis, extends into immediate subarticular cortex
  • As the tumor expands toward the shaft it looks like multiple large bubbles separated by strips of bone
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19
Q

what is the treatment for giant cell tumor?

A
  • resection of the tumor

- amputation may be necessary

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20
Q

What is osteoma?

A
  • arise in the outer table of the skull, paranasal sinuses (especially frontal or ethmoid) and the mandible
  • Incidental finding on x-ray
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21
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteomas?

A

usually asymptomatic

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22
Q

What is the radiographic exam for osteomas?

A
  • x-ray

- CT

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23
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for osteomas?

A

well circumscribed, extremely dense, round lesion that are rarely over 2cm

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24
Q

What is osteoid osteoma?

A
  • benign tumor of teens or young adults.

- Originate from osteoblastic cells and most often occur in the femur and tibia

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25
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteoid osteoma?

A

local pain at night dramatically relieved by aspirin

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26
Q

what are the radiographic exams for osteoid osteoma?

A
  • x-ray
  • CT
  • MRI
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27
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for osteoid osteoma?

A

small round or oval with lucent center (nidus), surrounding by large, dense sclerosis zone of cortical thickening (less than 1.5 cm in size)

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28
Q

What is the treatment of osteoid osteoma?

A
  • pain with aspirin

- Resection

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29
Q

What is simple bone cyst?

A
  • fluid filled cyst with a wall of fibrous tissue

- Occurs in proximal humerus or femur at the metaphysis

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30
Q

What is the signs and symptoms of simple bone cyst?

A
  • usually asymptomatic

- May cause fractures

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31
Q

What is radiographic exams for simple bone cyst?

A
  • x-ray
  • CT
  • MRI
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32
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for simple bone cyst?

A
  • appears as an expansile (capable of expanding) lucent lesion
  • Thin rim of sclerosis, oval configuration, may cause cortical bone thinning
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33
Q

What is the treatment for simple bone cyst?

A

depends on size and location of cyst

34
Q

What is aneurysmal bone cyst?

A

consists of numerous blood filled AV (arteriovenous communication)

35
Q

What causes aneurysmal bone cyst?

A

caused by trauma

36
Q

What is the signs and symptoms of aneurysmal bone cyst?

A
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Pathological fractures
37
Q

What is the radiographic exams for aneurysmal bone cyst?

A
  • x-ray
  • CT
  • MRI
38
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of aneurysmal bone cyst?

A

-cortex may be so thin that it is invisible - may be mistaken for a malignant bone tumor

39
Q

What is the treatment for aneurysmal bone cyst?

A

resection performed if pain is too intense or worried about pathological fractures

40
Q

What is malignant bone tumors?

A
  • produce true soft tissue swelling and cortical bone erosion with poor or absent margin
  • Extend into soft tissue via spiculations (finger like projections)
41
Q

What is osteogenic sarcoma?

A

malignant bone tumor.

  • Occurs at ends of long bones in the metaphysis (especially knee)
  • Tumor consists of osteoblasts which produce osteoid and spicules of calcified bone
42
Q

What is the signs and symptoms of osteogenic sarcoma?

A
  • local pain
  • swelling
  • fever
  • weight loss
  • secondary anemia
43
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for osteogenic sarcoma?

A
  • x-ray of affected bone
  • PA/LAT chest to rule out mets
  • CT to identify pathology in flat bones
  • MRI used to rule out skip lesions and evaluate progression
44
Q

What are the radiographic apearance for osteogenic sarcoma?

A
  • mixed destructive and sclerotic lesion
  • soft tissue mass
  • ‘Sun burst’ pattern - horizontal spicules
45
Q

What is the treatment for osteogenic sarcoma?

A
  • chemo
  • Surgery
  • ampuation may be required
46
Q

What is chondrosarcoma?

A

malignant bone tumor

47
Q

what causes chondrosarcoma?

A
  • cartilaginous origin
  • originate anew or pre-existing lesion (osteocondroma or endchondroma)
  • Occur in long bones but may also occur in rub, scapula or vertebra
48
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of chondrosarcoma?

A
  • local pain
  • swelling
  • at first pain is dull and gradually intestifies
49
Q

what are the radiographic exams for chondrosarcoma?

A
  • x-ray
  • CT
  • MRI
50
Q

What are the radiographic appearance for chondrosarcoma?

A

-bone destruction, punctate or amorphous calcification, endosteal scalloping, cortical destruction

51
Q

What is the treatment for chondrosarcoma?

A
  • surgical excision

- amputayion

52
Q

What is Ewings sarcoma?

A

malignant bone tumor. Arises in the bone marrow of long bones
-Affects children and young adults peak incidence in midteens and rare in perons over 30

53
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ewings sarcoma?

A
  • Main complaint is local pain, often for several months, increases in severity, tender soft tissue mass
  • Appear sick and malaise, fever and increased white count (leukocytosis)
54
Q

What are the radiographic exams of ewings sarcoma?

A
  • x-ray of affected bone
  • PA/LAT chest to rule out mets
  • CT
  • MRI used to rule out skip lesions and evaluate progresion
55
Q

What is the radiographic apearance for ewing sarcoma?

A
  • radiographic: ill-defined permeative area of bone destruction, involves large central portion of the shaft, underlying medullary destruction
  • Associated with fusiform layered periosteal reaction (onion skin)
  • Tumor cells spread into soft tissue
56
Q

What is the treatment for ewing sarcoma?

A
  • chemo
  • surgery
  • amputation may be required
57
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A
  • widespread malignancy of plasma cells
  • Associated with bone destruction, bone marrow failure, hypercalcemia, renal failure and recurrent infections
  • Attacks intramedullary canal of the diaphysis
58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms for multiple myeloma?

A
  • Pain
  • Fatigue
  • Frequent infections
  • Nausea
59
Q

What are the radiographic exams for multiple myeloma?

A
  • Skeletal survey

- Bone marrow biopsy

60
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for multiple myeloma?

A

punched out lesions on lateral skull:

  • Skeletal survey
  • Destruction on bone marrow of plasma cells throughout flat bones
  • Generalized skeletal deossifications simulating postmenopausal osteoporosis
  • Spine: decreased density in bodies, compresson fracture
61
Q

What is the treatment for multiple myeloma?

A
  • chemo
  • Radiation therapy
  • Stem cell transplant
62
Q

What is bone mets?

A

-most common malignant bone tumors

63
Q

What causes bone mets?

A
  • spreading by means of bloodstream, lymphatic vessels, or direct extension
  • most common primary tumors are carcinomas of the breast, lung, prostate, kidney and thyroid
64
Q

What are the metastatic spread sites for bone metastases?

A

bones containing red marrow (spine, pelvis, ribs, skull and proximal ends of humerus and femur)

65
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of bone metastases?

A
  • weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Pain
  • fever
66
Q

what are the radiographic exams of bone metastases?

A
  • skeletal survey
  • CT
  • MRI
  • Chest x-ray
  • Nuc med
  • PET scan
67
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for bone metastases?

A
  • Osteolytic
  • Osteoblastic/sclerotic
  • Mixed (mottled appearance)
68
Q

What are the radiographic exams for bone metastases?

A
  • CT abd MRI demonstrate extent of disease process

- PET scan

69
Q

What is the treatment for bone metastases?

A
  • Chemo
  • Radiation therapy if not many lesions
  • If not many lesions then resection is possibility
  • Palliative
70
Q

Define fracture

A

a discontinuity of bone caused by mechanical force

71
Q

What are signs and symptoms to fractures

A
  • large body parts such as hip, femur, and knee: unable to weight bear
  • Smaller body parts: point tenderness
72
Q

what is the radiographic procedure for fractures?

A
  • 2 projections taken at right angles in determining alignment and extent of fracture
  • joint above and below injury site should be included because there may be dislocation
  • Stress radiographs are used to determine ligamentous stability: (requires a physician or radiologist to apply stress)
73
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of fractures/

A
  • appear as radiolucent line

- may appear radiopaque of the fragments overlap

74
Q

Where does an anterior dislocation of the shoulder go?

A

Towards the Coracoid (95%)

75
Q

What is spondylolithesis?

A

a cleft with forward displacement of one body over another usually the level of L5

76
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

refers to a cleft in the pars interarticularis

77
Q

What is spondylosis

A

simply refers to destruction of the spine

78
Q

What are the sign and symptoms of spondylosis?

A

chronic back pain

79
Q

What is the radiographic procedure for spondylosis?

A
  • AP/LAT lumbar spine

- Obli. L-spine may be necessary if no displacement seen

80
Q

What is a disk hernination?

A

the bursa bulges. Puts pressure on the spinal cord and can cause neurological symptoms.

81
Q

what is the cause of disk herniation?

A

due to degeneration or trauma

Proc (40 decks)

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