Patho 2 Flashcards by Aidan Ginns

Cancer definition

Highly invasive and destructive neoplasms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neoplasm
Tumour
Benign
Malignant

Cells formed from irreversible deviant cell division
Collection of cells that have lost genetic control of proliferation and differentiation
Localised and closely resembling cells of origin, lost control of proliferation
Invasive and destructive cells that dont resemble cell of origin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cell proliferation

Cell differentiation

Normal cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Over proliferation

Undifferentiated

Cancer cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Due to unrepaired gene malfunction, alters genes that control

Reproduction
Growth
Differentiation
Death

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Impact of cancer on tissues, organs, organ systems

Loss of cell communication
Increased energy expenditure 
Increased mortality 
Rapid angiogenesis 
Substance secretion
Present foreign antigens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Categories of cancer genes

Mutator genes- repair mutated DNA, protect genome
Protooncogens- regulate cell function
Tumour suppressor cells- prohibit over proliferation, regulate apoptosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

High energy ionizing radiation
Hormones
Chemicals
Viruses and bacteria

Carcinogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spread of cancer

Local- proliferation of neoplasm in tissue of origin
Direct extension- tumour cells move into adjacent tissues and organs
Seeding- malignant tumours move along membranes of peritoneal and pleaural cavities
Metastases- neoplasms spread to distant sites by lymphatics or blood vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Colon——> liver
Breast ——>  bone
Lung ——> brain
Prostate ——> bone
Malignant melatoma- lung, liver, brain, lymph nodes

Organ tropism of cancer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Well differentiated

Resemble origin tissue

Grade 1-2 cancer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Highly differentiated

Little to no resemblence

Grade 3-4 cancer

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cancer warning signs

Unusual bleeding
Change bowl/bladder habits
Change in wart/mole
Sore that doesnt heal
Unexplained weight loss
Anaemia, low Hb, fatigue
Persistent cough or hoarseness
Solid lump

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

General manifestations of cancer

Systemic and Immune response- fever, anorexia, weight loss
Increase metabolic rate
Paraneoplastic symptoms
Local effects of tumour on neighbouring cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diagnostic tests of cancer

Complete history
Physical examination
Imaging studies
Biopsy and cytology 
Tumour markers
Blood, urine, tissues test

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cancer treatment

Eradicate neoplasm
Control growth and spread
Reduce symptoms no cure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of cancer treatment

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Hormones 
Immunotherapy
Bone marrow transplant
Stem cell transplant
Adjuvant therapy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cancer Prevention

Screening
Exercise
Balance healthy lifestyle
Maintain healthy weight
Vaccinations
Skin protection
Avoid tobacco 
Avoid heavy alcohol use
Protect against carcinogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diabetes definition

Metabolic disorder

The absence, deficit or resistance to insulin resulting in hyperglycaemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Type 1

Insulin dependent

Family history or viral infection

Type 2

Non insulin dependent

Obesity, HTN, poor lifestyle, diet

Pancreatic cells roles

Alpha- secrete glucagon, utilise glycogen and suppresses insulin secretion
Beta- secrete insulin, promotes uptake of glucose in blood
Delta- somatostatin and gastrin- regulates A+B cells

Type 1-IDDM process

Beta cell destruction by autoimmune process

Type 2- NIDDM process

Genetic+environment affect B cell function and insulin tissue sensitivity

Management of diabetes

Type 1- insulin injections Type 2- insulin tablets Life style changes- HITT + starvation diets

Physio interventions of diabetes

Awareness of complications e.g. healing, hyperglycaemia Education of lifestyle changes High msk pain Falls (peripheral neruopathies)

Definition of obesity

Individual who is overweight with lots of body fat

BMI

Measures if they are healthy weight for height

Waist circumference

Measure for excess fat Women >94cm (37inches) Men > 80 (31.5inches)

Obesity causes

``` High calories intake Poor diet Decreased physical activity Genetics Medical reasons ```

Total energy expenditure

8% thermic effect 20-40% physical activity and recovery (EPOC) 55% basal energy expenditure

Obesity health implications

``` Hypertension Stroke Cataracts Pulmonary disease Coronary heart disease Diabetes Cancer Gout Osteoarthritis Gall bladder disease ```

Physio implications of obesity

Staffing levels and manual handling Bariatric equipment Treatment reaction may be different

Physio role with obese patient

Post bariatric surgery care Safe physical activity Life style advice and education Emerging roles

Definition of parkinsons disease

Chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder | Degeneration of dopamine producing neurones in the substantia nigra in basal ganglia

Role of basal ganglia

Regulate planning, initiation and termination of movement Regulate muscle tone required for body movements Control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles Act to inhibit antagonistic or unnecessary movements

Pathophysiology of PD

Substantia nigra main source of dopamine Basal ganglia series of parallel loops involving thalamus and cerebral cortex Direct pathway- promotes movement Indirect pathway- inhibits movement Dopamine excites direct and inhibits indirect pathway

What does lack of dopamine lead to

Lack of excitement of direct pathway Lack of inhibition of indirect pathway Lack of overall movement

Cardinal signs of PD

Bradykinesia/ Akinesia Resting tremor Rigidity

Bradykinesia/Akinesia

Paucity or slowness of movement | Slower initiation and progressive decrease in speed

Resting tremor (pill rolling)

Relaxed muscle, shake when at rest | Tremor inhibited during movement

Rigidity

Stiff or inflexible muscles Resistance to passive movements Lead pipe or cog wheel

Secondary clinical features

``` Difficulty initiating/terminating movement Freezing when walking Festinating gait pattern Loss of stereotyped movements Difficulty with motor tasks Monotone speech Micrographia Problems swallowing and drooling Sleep disorders Depression ```

Postural instability of PD

Flexed posture- hips/knees | Unable to access balance reactions

Medication for PD

Dopamine replacements- drugs that cross blood brain barrier e.g. sinemet Dopamine copycats- dopamine agonists e.g. apomorphine Dopamine protectors- block enzymes that break dopamine down MAO-B inhibitors e.g. selegiline. COMT inhibitors e.g. Entacapone Anticholingergics- correct balance between dopamine and acetylcholine e.g. arpicoline

Problems with dopamine drugs

Effect decreases over time Increase dose needed- side effects Problems with on/off

PD surgery

Deep brain stimulation Palidotomy Stem cell research

Principles or cueing in PD

Rely on external stimulus Kinaesthetic- movement cues Auditory Visual