Patho

Question 1

Neurotransmitters

Answer 1

Acetylcholine
Histamine
GABA
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Monoamines: dopamine, seratonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 2

Where is the “gate” located

Answer 2

Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Question 3

Transduction

Answer 3

activation of nociceptors - how it starts

Question 4

Transmission

Answer 4

Conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord

Question 5

Perception

Answer 5

Process of receiving information once it hits the brain

Sensory/discriminative system
motivational/affective system
cognitive evaluative system

Question 6

Modulation

Answer 6

Adaptation to pain

Question 7

Excitatory neuromodulation in CNS and PNS

Answer 7

Substance P
Glutamate
Somatostatin

Question 8

Inhibitory neuromodulation

Answer 8

GABA
glycine
serotonin
norepinephrine
endorphine

Question 9

What triggers neuromodulators?

Answer 9

endorphins

Question 10

Perceptual dominance

Answer 10

Pain at one location may cause an ↑ in the threshold in another location

Question 11

Acute somatic pain

Answer 11

Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone, and skin

A delta fibers: pain is sharp and well localized
C Fibers: dull ache

Question 12

Acute visceral pain

Answer 12

Pain in internal organs and abdomen

Poorly localized as a result of ↓ nociceptors

Question 13

Referred pain

Answer 13

Pain that is present in an area removed from its point of origin

Question 14

Neuropathic pain

Answer 14

result of trauma or disease of nerves
Most often chronic
Peripheral: painful diabetic neuropathy
Central: phantom limb

Question 15

Major sleep center in the body?

Answer 15

Hypothalamus

Question 16

How much time does a person spend in REM

Answer 16

20-25%

Question 17

4 classifications of sleep disorders

Answer 17

Dyssomnias*
Parasomnias*
Secondary sleep disorders
Sleep provoked disorders

Question 18

Parasomnias

Answer 18

Somnambulism (sleep walking)
Night terrors
Restless leg syndrome
Eating (sleep eating)
Violent behaviors
Assoc. with medical/psychiatric disorders
Proposed sleep disorder

Question 19

Sleep provoked disorders

Answer 19

Sleep stage alterations produced in certain disease states

Question 20

Dyssomnias

Answer 20

Insomnia
Obstructive sleep apnea
primary and secondary hypersomnia (excessive sleeping)
Disorders of sleep/wake cycle (jet lag)

Question 21

Age related changes to sleep: Elderly

Answer 21

Total sleep is ↓
Take longer to fall asleep
Awaken more frequently
Amount of time in stave IV sleep is ↓

Question 22

Age related changes to sleep: Young

Answer 22

Newborns sleep 16-17 hours/day
53% of that time is spent in REM sleep
infant sleep cycle is 50-60 min
Infants enter REM immed. upon falling asleep

Question 23

Osteoblasts

Answer 23

Build bone

Question 24

Osteoclasts

Answer 24

Destroy bone

Question 25

Osteocytes

Answer 25

Bone cells

Question 26

Collegen fibers

Answer 26

Make up bulk of bone matrix

Question 27

Proteoglycans

Answer 27

Control transportation of ionized material through matrix Strengthen bone and assist bone calcium depletion

Question 28

Glycoproteins

Answer 28

``` Promote calcification (bind to calcium) control collagen interactions leading to fibroid formation ```

Question 29

Calcium

Answer 29

Give bones strength

Question 30

What are bones made of

Answer 30

calcium | phosphate

Question 31

Diaphysis

Answer 31

Main shaft of bone

Question 32

Metaphysis

Answer 32

Flaired area between epiphysis and diaphysis - composed of cancellous bone

Question 33

Epiphysis

Answer 33

Widened area at end of long bone

Question 34

Medullary cavity

Answer 34

center of diaphysis and contains bone marrow (blood cells)

Question 35

Endosteum

Answer 35

Thin layer lining medullary cavity

Question 36

Basic multicellular units

Answer 36

osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts

Question 37

Three phases of bone remodeling

Answer 37

Activation of the remodeling cycle Resorption Formation of new bone

Question 38

Process of bone repair

Answer 38

``` Inflammation / hematoma formation procallus formation callus formation callus replacement remodeling ```

Question 39

Term for remodeling cells

Answer 39

Basic multicellular unit

Question 40

Synarthrosis

Answer 40

Immovable

Question 41

Diarthrosis

Answer 41

Freely movable

Question 42

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 42

Slightly movable

Question 43

Fibrous joint

Answer 43

completely immovable Joints bone to bone suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Question 44

Cartilaginous joint

Answer 44

not movable but stretchable Symphysis and synchondrosis

Question 45

Synovial joint

Answer 45

uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial Joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage Ex. elbow joint

Question 46

Order of muscle layers

Answer 46

``` Single fiber Endomysium Fascicle Perimysium Bunches together Epimysium Fascia covers whole thing ```

Question 47

What is a motor unit

Answer 47

Motor neuron | Muscle fibers

Question 48

Sendory units

Answer 48

Spindles | Golgi tendon organs

Question 49

Muscle Fibers

Answer 49

White muscle (type 2) - fast twitch - ocular muscles Red muscle (type 1) - slow twitch - calf muscle

Question 50

Myofibrils

Answer 50

Functional unit of muscle contraction

Question 51

Isometric contraction

Answer 51

When muscle maintains constant length as muscle is increased | Ex. hold coffee

Question 52

Isotonic contraction

Answer 52

moving of a muscle Ex. bicep curl

Question 53

Main fuel for muscle

Answer 53

ATP