Patho CH 2: Altered Cells and Tissues

Question 1

make a cell smaller

Answer 1

atrophy

Question 2

lack of blood supply to cell death to chest pain to an MI

Answer 2

ischemia

Question 3

make a cell bigger

Answer 3

hypertrophy

Question 4

complete cell change in size or # of cells

Answer 4

hyperplasia

Question 5

change cell type and structure

Answer 5

metaplasia

Question 6

abnormal growth

Answer 6

dysplasia

Question 7

cellular suicide

Answer 7

apoptosis

Question 8

death related to cell injury

Answer 8

necrosis

Question 9

direct injury

bike accident

Answer 9

mechanical

Question 10

temperature injury

Ex:

Answer 10

thermal

burn/frostbite

Question 11

injury from spill of toxic substance

Answer 11

chemical

Question 12

injury from inside the body system

Answer 12

endogenous

Question 13

injury from an external environment

Answer 13

exogenous

Question 14

injury from deprived of something (O2/water)

Answer 14

deficit injury

Question 15

cerebral atrophy patho

Answer 15

reduction in size of the cells in the cerebrum

from reduced stimulation or injury

Question 16

cerebral atrophy is a result of

Answer 16

reduced stimulation

injury

Question 17

localized to a particular reason

Answer 17

focal

Question 18

affecting the entire brain

Answer 18

global

Question 19

cerebral atrophy diagnostic criteria

Answer 19

• early ID of loss of function
• health history
• neurologic exam
• imaging studies

Question 20

cerebral atrophy treatment

Answer 20

• prevention
• interruption of injury process
• slowing course of disease

Question 21

cardiac hypertrophy patho

Answer 21

increase cardiac muscle mass

Question 22

Causes (etiology)of cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 22

• excessive cardiac workload
• increased functional demand
• inherited genetic trait

heart muscle becomes stiff leading to decreased cardiac output

Question 23

inherited non-sex-linked genetic trait

Answer 23

primary cardiac hypertrophy

Question 24

due to an underlying condition increasing LV workload

Answer 24

secondary cardiac hypertrophy

increased bloop pressure

Question 25

cardiac hypertrophy clinical manifestations

Answer 25

SOB chest pain syncope impaired cardiac function

Question 26

important sign of diastolic heart failure or active ischemia | normal or abnormal finding?

Answer 26

S4 hear sound | ABNORMAL

Question 27

Cardiac hypertrophy diagnostic criteria

Answer 27

``` genetic testing hypertension reduced exercise tolerance (Can you walk up the stairs?) ventricular arrhythmia heart murmur ```

Question 28

cardiac hypertrophy treatment

Answer 28

surgery pharmacologic activity restriction

Question 29

Pharmacologic treatment for cardiac hypertrophy | EX:

Answer 29

drugs relaxing the ventricles drugs reducing the workload of the heart (decreasing pressure to pump) Ex: ACE, ARB, beta-blockers

Question 30

acromegaly patho where? when?

Answer 30

excessive growth hormone (hyperpituitarism) - bones - cartilage - soft tissue - organs occurs after epiphyseal plate closure

Question 31

acromegaly clinical manifestations

Answer 31

- soft tissue swelling - altered facial features - pain and numbness in hands - voice deepening - snoring - skin changes - altered reproductive function

Question 32

acromegaly diagnostic criteria

Answer 32

- H&P exam | - labs (glucose tolerance, growth hormone, IGF-1)

Question 33

acromegaly treatment

Answer 33

pharmacologic: drugs to reduce growth hormone nonpharmacologic: radiation therapy to promote death in growth hormone hypersecreting cells surgical: removal of tumor (adenoma) causing hypersecretion of growth hormone

Question 34

changing of cell types as a response to environmental stressors - not pathologic

Answer 34

metaplasia

Question 35

abnormal growth and disordered differentiation differentiation in dividing cells - pathologic - pre-cancerous condition

Answer 35

dysplasia

Question 36

cervical metaplasia and dysplasia clinical manifestations

Answer 36

no S/S

Question 37

cervical metaplasia and dysplasia risk factors

Answer 37

early onset sexual activity multiple partners exposure to HPV smoking

Question 38

cervical M&D diagnostic criteria

Answer 38

- H&P - screening (Papsmear and HPV) - colposcopy (biopsy of cervical tissue)

Question 39

cervical M&D treatment

Answer 39

ablation | surgical removal

Question 40

removal of superficial cells

Answer 40

ablation

Question 41

environmental toxin injury and cardiovascular disease clinical manifestations

Answer 41

``` aortic aneurysm acute myeloid leukemia cancer cataract chronic lung disease coronary heart disease periodontitis pneumonia stroke student infant death ```

Question 42

environmental toxin injury and cardio disease complications

Answer 42

``` reduced exercise tolerance difficulty breathing blood clot peripheral vascular disease hypertension increased heart rate reduced cardiac out (HF) hyperlipidemia ```

Question 43

environmental diagnostic criteria

Answer 43

H&P exam | Labs (chest x-ray, system review, clots)

Question 44

environmental treatment

Answer 44

risk reduction - stop smoking system management pharmacologic

Question 45

pharmacologic treatment for environmental

Answer 45

drugs that assist with smoking cessation and management of cardio complications

Question 46

acromegaly labs

Answer 46

glucose tolerence test growth hormone IGF-1

Question 47

cervical M&D patho

Answer 47

cellular adaptation of squamous and columnar epithilial cells in cervix

Question 48

environmental toxin injury and cardiovascular disease patho

Answer 48

exposure to environmental chemicals leads to cardiovascular cell injury