Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > Patho - Chapters 26,27,28,29 - Renal Function/Dysfunction > Flashcards

Patho - Chapters 26,27,28,29 - Renal Function/Dysfunction Flashcards

0
Q

The kidneys filter more than ________ of fluid per hour

A

7 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are the two primary functions of the kidney

A

Maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis,

Ridding the body of water soluble wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Approximately ___% of the fluid filtered through the kidneys is reabsorbed

A

99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The kidneys produce a small amount of urine containing a high concentration of ______

A

Wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The kidneys can alter the amount and composition of urine in order to…

A

Keep blood volume within normal limits,

Keep electrolyte composition within normal limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The kidneys perform these two important endocrine functions

A

Produce erythropoietin,

Activation of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

______ is the regulator of red blood cell quantity

A

Erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

______ is the cofactor for intestinal calcium absorption

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Each kidney contains ______ nephrons

A

One million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

______ are the functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three functions of nephrons

A

Filtration,
Reabsorption,
Secretory functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Serious renal impairment generally does not occur until _____% to ____% of the total number of nephrons has been damaged

A

75% to 90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Words are the primary structures of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys,
Ureters,
Urinary bladder,
Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The _____ kidney is slightly higher (superior) in the body

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two principal parts of the urinary bladder?

A

Body,

Neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two functions of the body of the urinary bladder?

A

Stores urine,

Contracts in response to initiation of action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Urinary bladder is made up of _____ muscle, also known as ______ muscle

A

Smooth,

Detrussor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the structures within the nephron?

A

Glomerulus,
Tubule,
Bowman capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the parts of the glomerulus?

A

Capillary tuft,

Bowman capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the parts of the tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule,
Loop of Henle,
Distal convoluted tubule,
Collecting tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The tubule of a nephron is made up of _____ tissue

A

Epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Blood and proteins may be present in the urine when the ______ is injured

A

Glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ is an important sign of basement membrane dysfunction

A

Proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The visceral layer of the glomerulus is the _____

A

Podocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) averages approx _____ ml/min

A

125

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

______ cells can alter available surface area for filtration and affect the GFR by contracting and relaxing

A

Mesangial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

GFR is determine by _____ _____ in the glomeruli and by the permeable surface of the glomerular membrane

A

Filtration pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Filtration rate is determined by _________?

A

Permeable surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

These two functions favor filtration

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP),
Bowman capsule oncotic pressure (Bowman COP)

We are in favor of cops!!! CHP and Bowman COP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

These two functions oppose filtration

A

Plasma/Capillary oncotic pressure,

Bowman capsule hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the most important physiologic regulator of GFR?

A

Blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When blood volume increases, GFR ______

A

Increases

Extra fluid is excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When blood volume decreases, GFR ______

A

Decreases

Fluid is conserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

_______ protects the glomerular capillary

A

Auto regulation

34
Q

The kidneys excrete excess _____ and regulate the concentration of _____

A

Hydrogen,

Bicarbonate

35
Q

______ is freely filtered through the glomerulus and must be efficiently reabsorbed to maintain acid-based balance

A

HCO3

36
Q

During ______, the kidneys compensate by excreting H+

A

Acidosis

37
Q

During ______, the kidneys compensate by excreting HCO3-

A

Alkalosis

38
Q

______ increases permeability of the collecting tubule to water, resulting in increased reabsorption and reduced blood osmolality

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)

39
Q

ADH release is _____ when reabsorbed water dilutes the blood and reduces osmolality

A

Decreased

40
Q

When a large quantity of dilute urine is produced osmolality is ______

A

Too low

41
Q

Insufficiency of ADH, secondary to pituitary damage results in these three situation…

A

Diabetes insipidus,
Large volume excretion of diluted urine,
Severe fluid imbalance

42
Q

When collecting tubules are unresponsive to ADH it results in a condition called ______

A

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

43
Q

Drugs that alter the osmolality of the urinary filtrate and oppose the reabsorption of water, resulting in an increase in urine volume

A

Diuretics

44
Q

______ _______ increase osmolality of the filtrate causing more water to remain in the tubule, which is excreted

A

Osmotic diuretic

45
Q

______ diuretics block sodium reabsorption

A

Thiazide-like

46
Q

______ diuretics block the sodium potassium chloride pumps in the ascending loop of Henle

A

Loop

47
Q

_______ inhibit the formation of Angiotensin II and aldosterone

A

ACE inhibitors

48
Q

_______ blocking agents are potassium sparing

A

Aldosterone

49
Q

In chronic renal failure, impaired production of ______ and ______ result in anemia and osteodystrophy

A

Erythropoietin,

Vitamin D

50
Q

One of the most helpful tests in evaluating kidney function

A

Urinalysis,
Serum creatinine,
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels,
GFR test

51
Q

What is considered an abnormal result in a urinalysis?

A

Crystals & Stones,

Casts

52
Q

What casts are associated with renal infection (pyelonephritis)?

A

White blood cell (WBC) casts

53
Q

Which casts indicate sloughing of tubular cells (acute tubular necrosis)?

A

Epithelial cell casts

54
Q

_______ is used to determine GFR but is not completely accurate, ____ is more accurate

A

Creatinine clearance,

Insulin clearance

55
Q

______ is a congenital kidney disorder

A

Cystic kidney disease

56
Q

______ is a neoplasm kidney disorder

A

Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)

57
Q

______ is a infection/kidney disorder

A

Pyelonephritis

58
Q

______ is a obstructive kidney disorder

A

Calculi, BPH

59
Q

______ is a glomerular kidney disorder

A

Glomerulonephritis

60
Q

Which kidney diseases are acute?

A

Prerenal,
Postrenal,
Intrinsic/Intrarenal

61
Q

What is the 5 point system for identifying kidney injury?

A

RIFLE

62
Q

What does RIFLE stand for?

A 
Risk of injury
Injury
Failure
Loss
End stage
63
Q

What is the GFR criteria and urine output criteria in the Risk stage of acute kidney injury?

A

Serum creatinine increase x 1.5,
Urine output <0.5 ml/kg/hr for 6 hrs

GFR decreased by 25%

64
Q

What is the GFR criteria and urine output criteria in the Injury stage of acute kidney injury?

A

Serum creatinine increase x 2,
Urine output <0.5 ml/kg/hr for 12 hrs

GFR decreased by 50%

65
Q

What is the GFR criteria and urine output criteria in the Failure stage of acute kidney injury?

A

Serum creatinine increase x 3,
Urine output <0.3 ml/kg/hr for 24 hrs or anuria for 12 hrs

GFR decreased by 75%

66
Q

What is the GFR criteria in the Loss stage of acute kidney injury?

A

Persistent acute kidney failure; Complete loss of functions for >4 weeks

67
Q

What is the GFR criteria in the End stage of acute kidney injury?

A

Complete loss of kidney function >3 months

68
Q

What are some of the causes of prerenal renal injury?

A

Hemorrhage,
Dehydration,
Burns

69
Q

Diminished perfusion of the kidney is termed _____

A

Prerenal

70
Q

Fluid volume deficit such as these can lead to pre-renal kidney injury

A 
Fever, 
vomiting, 
diarrhea, 
burns, 
hemorrhage, 
overuse of diuretic therapy
71
Q

The kidney received _____% to _____% of the cardiac output

A

20% to 25%

72
Q

Obstruction of the normal outflow of urine from the kidneys can result in ______ renal injury

A

Postrenal

73
Q

What situations can result in postrenal injury?

A 
Benign prostatic hyperplasia,
Kinked or obstructed catheters,
Intra-abdominal tumors,
Strictures,
Calculi
74
Q

The most common cause of intrinsic renal injury is ______

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

75
Q

What are the environmental risks for bladder cancer?

A 
Tobacco smoking,
Dyes,
Chemicals from tire production,
Pesticides,
Chemotherapy,
Diesel exhaust,
Arsenic in drinking water,
Low fluid intake,
Pelvic radiation therapy
76
Q

What are some common causes of UTI

A 
Increased age,
Female gender,
Pregnancy,
Diaphragms with spermicidal agents,
Diabetes,
Catheters, 
Obesity
77
Q

Which stage of chronic kidney disease is represented by damage with normal or increased GFR and with GFR > than 90 ML/ minute

A

Stage1

78
Q

Which stage of chronic kidney disease is represented by damage with mildly decreased GFR and with GFR 60-89 ML/ minute

A

Stage 2

79
Q

Which stage of chronic kidney disease is represented by damage with moderately decreased GFR and with GFR 30-59 ML/ minute

A

Stage 3

80
Q

Which stage of chronic kidney disease is represented by damage with severely decreased GFR and with GFR 15-29 ML/ minute

A

Stage 4

81
Q

Which stage of chronic kidney disease is represented by end-stage kidney disease with GFR <15 ML/ minute (or dialysis)

A

Stage 5

82
Q

_______ is the inflammation of the bladder lining which may result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections, chemical irritants, foreign bodies such as stones, or trauma… The most common cause being bacterial infection

A

Cystitis

83
Q

______ is a large collecting area for urine that drains from the many collection ducts of the nephrons

A

Renal pelvis

From Flashcardlet (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions