PATHO EXAM 1

Question 1

Ischemia

Answer 1

decreased oxygen

Question 2

What are the normal alterations in cellular change?

Answer 2

hypertrophy and atrophy

Question 3

What do abnormal alterations (pathologic) lead to in cellular change?

Answer 3

-Leads to cellular death
-DNA changes, ionizing radiation
-Trauma or chemical exposure

Question 4

Hypertrophy

Answer 4

enlargement of tissue mass due to increased size of cells

Question 5

Atrophy

Answer 5

decreased tissue mass, cells become smaller

Question 6

What are the two types of hypertrophy?

Answer 6

-normal, which is physiological hypertrophy, or increased stimuli
-pathologic hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy

Question 7

What does atrophy cause

Answer 7

-disuse or decreased metabolic need
-lack of nerve stimulation (paralysis) of use
-decreased blood flow, ischemia
-loss of hormonal stimulation
-inadequate nutrition
-aging

Question 8

Hyperplasia

Answer 8

increased number of cells (pregnancy and scars)

Question 9

metaplasia

Answer 9

mature cell replaced by another mature cell type (barret’s esophagus)

Question 10

dysplasia

Answer 10

cells vary in size and shape within a tissue type, increased rate of mitosis; often due to chronic irritation, infection or precancerous change.

Question 11

neoplasia

Answer 11

new growth-tumor (abnormal growth)

Question 12

endothelium

Answer 12

-lining of arterial blood vessels
-body’s largest organ
-injury causes widespread effects

Question 13

hypertension

Answer 13

shearing injury, weakening of vessel walls

Question 14

diabetes mellitus

Answer 14

hyperglycemia causes chemical damage to endothelial cells, but also narrowing of the arteries (vasoconstriction)

Question 15

atherogenesis

Answer 15

deposition of plaque within arteries

Question 16

hypoxia

Answer 16

-most common cause of cell injury
-due to ischemia or reduced blood supply to the tissue
-inadequate oxygen intake
-anemia
-cardiac arrest
-poor circulation or obstruction of blood flow

Question 17

apoptosis

Answer 17

programmed cell death

Question 18

necrosis

Answer 18

cell death caused by injury

Question 19

infarction

Answer 19

death of tissue due to prolonged ischemia
-also called ischemic necrosis

Question 20

gangrene

Answer 20

-infection of necrotic tissue
-caused by clostridium perfingens
-emits a gas within tissues
-often requires amputation

Question 21

ICF

Answer 21

intracellular fluid

Question 22

ISF

Answer 22

interstitial fluid

Question 23

ECF

Answer 23

extracellular fluid

Question 24

diffusion

Answer 24

molecules passably moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 25

osmosis

Answer 25

solvent, being water, moving over time from an area of lesser concentration to an area of higher concentration to equalize the concentration on the 2 sides of the membrane -ECF to ICF

Question 26

facilitated transport

Answer 26

a carrier protein helps a molecule through the plasma membrane into the cell

Question 27

active transport

Answer 27

ATP pump, sodium and potassium pump

Question 28

push is

Answer 28

hydrostatic pressure, ECF to ICF -arteriole, high pressure high protein

Question 29

pull is

Answer 29

osmotic pressure, ICF to ECF -venule, low pressure and high protein

Question 30

albumin

Answer 30

is a protein needed in the blood to pull water and fluids back into the blood stream

Question 31

colloidal (oncotic) pressure

Answer 31

the pressure from albumin in the blood

Question 32

osmolaity

Answer 32

-concentration of solutes in fluid (solvent) -normal serum osmolality is 282-295 (miliOsm/kG H2O) -measuring the solutes -high osmolality=dehydration

Question 33

tonicity

Answer 33

the osmoality of the fluids surrounding the cells that affects the cells

Question 34

isotonic

Answer 34

the fluid loss has the same tonicity, or molarity, as the inside of the cell -equal

Question 35

hypotonic

Answer 35

-hypo- means low, so this fluid has a low tonicity -less solutes -more water than solutes

Question 36

hypertonic

Answer 36

-hyper- means more -has more particles in the cell -fluid will move out to try and balance

Question 37

isotonic tonicity

Answer 37

0.9% NaCl, lactated rings

Question 38

hypotonic tonicity

Answer 38

0.45% NaCl

Question 39

hypertonic tonicity

Answer 39

3.0% NaCl, mannitol