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TRI 1 - Patho > Patho Exam 1 > Flashcards

Patho Exam 1 Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Describe a Lysosome, what does it do, what activates it

A

Small storage Vesicle that contains digestive enzymes
Act as digestive system of the cell
Increased concentration of H (Low PH) activates lysosomal enzymes

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2
Q

Describe a peroxisome

A

contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and some foreign material

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3
Q

What do Mitochondria do

A

ATP production in aerobic respiration

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4
Q

Describe the Golgi apparatus

A

Its cisternae receive and package proteins into vesicles

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5
Q

Describe the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough - uses ribosomes to synthesize proteins

Smooth - produces lipids in some cells

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6
Q

Describe the nucleous

A

Contains DNA
Communicates VIA pores
Nucleoli contain DNA

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7
Q

What is a Micelle

A

phospholipid with fatty interior, used in lipid digestion

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8
Q

What is a liposome

A

Phospholipid bilayer sphere with water in its center, used in delivery of water soluble things

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9
Q

What are the functional compartments of the body

A

Extracellular and intracellular fluids

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10
Q

What are the general functions of the cell membrane

A

Physical Isolation
Exchange materials
Communication
Structural support

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11
Q

describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer along with membrane proteins create exterior wall of cell

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12
Q

what do membrane lipids create

A

selective barriers

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13
Q

What are integril proteins

A

proteins tightly bound to the membrane, include transmembrane proteins that traverse entire cell wall and lipid anchored proteins

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14
Q

What is a peripheral protein

A

a protein that does not enter the hydrophobic space of the bilayer

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15
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Everything inside the cell that isn’t the nucleus

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16
Q

What is the cytosol

A

the fluid in the cytoplasm

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17
Q

what are inclusions

A

stored nutrients and ribosomes

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18
Q

what are insoluble proteins in a cell

A

cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia

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19
Q

what are organelles

A

membrane bound compartments with specific function

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20
Q

What is the teleological method

A

Why events occur in terms of adaptive significance

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21
Q

what is the mechanistic method

A

How events occur, examines process

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22
Q

Define immunity

A

the ability for the body to protect itself from pathogens

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23
Q

Define homeostasis

A

A state of maintaining a similar condition

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24
Q

Define pathophysiology

A

Study of body functions in a disease state

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25
Define physiology
study of the normal function of a living organism
26
Seven steps in a response loop
``` Stimulus Sensor Input signal Integrating center Output signal Target response ```
27
Describe a positive feedback loop
Promotes something in the early chain, must be inhibited externaly
28
Describe a negative feedback loop
Self inhibiting chains, inhibit something in the early chain
29
When do key hormones peak
Cortisol - 9am Insulin - 12-6pm, high after eating Glucagon - stimulated by low blood sugar
30
What are the cells commonly seen in inflammation
Neutrophils - arrive first Macrophages - arrive second, modulate activity of lymphocytes Monocytes - turn into macrophages at the tissue level Mast cells - release histamine
31
What cells are seen in Bacterial infections
phagocytes | antibody - immediate immune response
32
what cells are seen in Viral infection
Intracellular | T cells and natural killer cells
33
Describe chronic inflammation
Macrophages replace neutrophils and work with lymphocytes, both are present in high numbers during chronic inflammation
34
what are 6 signs and symptoms of infection
Fever, chills, sweating, malaise, nausea and vomiting
35
6 Signs and symptoms of infection in elderly
``` change in mental state subnormal body temperature bradycardia or tachycardia fatigue lethargy decreased appetite ```
36
What is the role of proteoglycans, elastin, collagen and fibronectin
proteoglycans - bind to fibronectins and collagen for stabilization Elastin - creates cross links to provide tissue elasticity Collagen - structural support, made of 3 amino acids coiled into a triple helix Fibronectin - forms a scaffold to provide tensile strength
37
Describe the roll of Fibronectin in healing
Produced by fibroblasts, binds to integrin, proteoglycans and collagen to form scaffold that supports healing tissue
38
what are the 5 different structures and functions of epithelia
Exchange - thin flattened cells Transporting - columnar or cuboidal Ciliated - columnar or cuboidal protective - many layers of flattened cells Secretory - one or many layers, columnar or polygonal
39
what are the three different tyes of junctions`
Gap - rapid communication, always open Tight - restrict movement of materials between cells anchoring - holds cells to each other
40
Compare homeostasis, equilibrium, and steady state disequilibrium
Homeostasis implies things remain the same, equilibrium implies things are identical, SteadyState disequilibrium implies two compartments are maintained at different concentrations of a given substance
41
What are passive modes of transport
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion
42
What are active modes of transport
phagocytoses, endocytosis
43
What is phagocytosis
when a cell engulfs a bacterium, involves protruding cell wall
44
what is endocytosis
how a cell ingests food, always happening
45
what is exocytosis
when a cell gets rid of waste
46
what is pinocytosis
the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane
47
what are the different types of energy
Kinetic - energy of motion | Potential - stored energy
48
what are the three types of work
Chemical - making and breaking chemical bonds transport - moving things through cell membranes mechanical - used in movement
49
what are the carrier electrons in the ETC
NADH | FADH2
50
Explain how H+ movement across the inner mitochondrial membrane results in ATP synthesis
H is pumped out to form a gradient then passively let back in to churn ATP synthase proteins to create ATP
51
Compare the energy yield from the aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to CO2 and H2O, and the anaerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to lactate
30-32 vs 2
52
Discuss what conditions are required for aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism
Availability of oxygen
53
What is an Oxidation / reduction reaction
Gain or loss of an electron OIL RIG
54
What is a hydrolysis reaction
When a substrate changes into something new by the addition of water
55
what is a dehydration reaction
when a water molecule is one of the products, two molecules join loosing H2O in the process`
56
Describe Exchange-addition-subtraction reactions
Addition - adds functional group to substrates subtraction - removes functional group exchange - functional groups are exchanged
57
what is a ligation reaction
join substrates using energy from ATP and synthases
58
What are some characteristics of downs syndrome
Retardation chromosomal problem slanted eyes simian crease
59
What are some characteristics of Turners syndrome
``` females only chromosomal problem short stature webbed neck infertility ```
60
What are some characteristics of Klinefelter's syndrome
``` males only chromosomal problem do not experience puberty no secondary sex characteristics long arms and legs ```
61
What are some characteristics of Marfan's Syndrome
``` structural protein deficit elongated face vertebral deformity long fingers hypermobility ```
62
What are some characteristics of cystic fibrosis
malfunction of how chloride is transported across membranes most common autosomal recessive disease issues with respiration, nutrient absorption
63
What are some characteristics of hemophilia
chromosomal issue | lots of bleeding
64
What are some characteristics of muscular dystrophy
genetic disease progressive weakness also affects heart and other involuntary muscles
65
What are some characteristics of osteogenesis imperfecta
autosomal dominant disease | deficit in bone modeling and remodeling
66
What are 8 characteristics of a benign tumor
``` Slow expansion limited growth potential has capsule and compresses surrounding tissues metastasis present smooth surface uniform and normal sized nuclei Well differentiated cells well developed cytoplasm ```
67
what are 8 characteristics of a malignant tumor
``` fast expansion uncontrolled growth no capsule so it invades soft tissue irregular surface necrosis and hemorrhage large nuclei, pleomorphic anaplastic cells little cytoplasm ```
68
Describe the hypersensitivity reactions
type 1 - antibody mediated, food alergies type 2 - antibody mediated, immune hemolytic anemias type 3 - antibody mediated, autoimmune disease type 4 - cell mediated, delayed hypersensitivity, autoimmune disease
69
Where are stem and T/B lymphocytes produced
B / stem - bone | T - thymus
70
what are the stages of cancer
``` 0 - cancer is localized 1 - cancer is localized to primary organ 2 - increased risk of tumor spread 3 - tumor has spread regionally 4 - tumor has spread to distant cites ```
71
what is metastasis
additional cancerous growth away from original cite
72
what is dysplasia
chronic irritation, disorganization of cells
73
what is metaplasia
cells change from one type to another, reversible
74
what is hyperplasia
increase in number of cells, increase in tissue mass, also happens during pregnancy
75
what do antioncogenes and oncogenes do
oncogenes - transfer normal cells into cancerous cells | antioncogenes - helps fight tumors by controlling cell growth
76
what does a neurotransmitter do
diffuses from a neuron, travels across small space and promotes active response
77
what is a neurohormone
diffuses into blood from neuron for body wide distribution
78
what is a neuro modulator
slow acting neurocrine molecules
79
what do autocrine and endocrine mean
Autocrine - hormone secretion that acts on the same cell that secreted it endocrine - ductless hormone secretions that act in long distance communication
80
what are some antibiotic resistant organisms
MRSA - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus TB - Tuberculosis Hypervirulent clostridium difficile Vancomycin resistant enterococcus
81
describe the types of infection transmission
airborne - small particles that float in the air, less than 5 microns Droplet - greater than 5 microns contact - direct and indirect
82
what are the three lines of defense
1st - physical or chemical barriers, skin or mucous 2nd - innate immune response and inflammation, fast response no memory 3rd - adaptive response (immune response), cell mediated, B lymphocytes, memory
83
what are universal precautions to prevent infection
Hand hygiene PPE Respiratory and cough etiquette
84
define immunodeficiency
inability of lymphoid tissue to react normally to an antigen due to weakened immune system, can be genetic (primary) or acquired (AIDS)
85
what are some theories for the increased prevalence of autoimmune disease
hygiene - Farm animals mean more pathogens toxic load - plastic products and insecticide sedentary life style - lack of vitamin D lack of exercise processed food - more salt, less Brest feeding
86
What are some strategies to increase immune capability
``` well balanced diet, more antioxidants, protein and supplement vitamin D adequate sleep low caffeine or sugar no chemical exposure reduce stress more time outdoors ```
87
how should we exercise patients with autoimmune disease
not fully understood | some is better than nothing
88
what are some signs and symptoms of local and systemic inflimation
``` Rubor (redness) Tumor (swelling) Dolor (pain) Calor (heat) functuo laesa (altered function) ```
89
Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammation of spine and sacroiliac joints causing fusion of vertebrae genetic postural exercise and education / pain management / breathing exercises
90
Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for fibromyalgia
CNS malfunction, impaired sensory and CNS functions caused by infection or trauma Dry needling / myofascial work / strength training
91
Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
systemic inflammatory disease resulting in joint erosion and deformity genetic predisposition with environmental trigger Joint protection and education / exercise and modification / low level laser therapy
92
Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for SLE
inflammation of various body tissues may result in rash on the face (malar rash) combination of genetic and environment Exercise / pain management / balance
93
Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for hashimoto throiditis
immune system attacks thyroid gland, leading to hyperthyroidism, goiter results genetic medicine compliance / patient monitoring for fatigue or weakness / restore ROM
94
Describe and provide examples of PT treatment for Raynaud's syndrome
vasospasm of fingers and toes cold temperatures or emotional stress pharmacological treatment
95
what are some types of immunity
Innate - levels born with Adaptive - develop as exposed to pathogens Passive - borrowed from another source
96
Describe Clostridium dificil
damage to tight junctions of epithelia of GA tract water stools related to antibiotic overuse
97
Describe staphylococcus
skin abscesses | common in axilla and groin
98
Describe streptococcal
strep throat scarlet fever skin lesions - impetigio
99
What does Serosangrinous | mean
fluids composed of clotted or diluted red blood cells mixed with serum
100
what does Serous mean
thin watery constitution, yellow
101
what does exocrine mean
have ducts | do not deposit hormones in blood
102
what does it indicate when there is swelling with lots of proteins vs without
with - exudate, inflammation | without - transudate, organ issue
103
what is a ligand
molecule that binds to a protein
104
describe autocrine and paracrine signaling
autocrine - secretion that binds to the same cell to initiate signal transduction paracrine - hormone that only has effect in the vicinity of its secretion
105
what is an opsonin
an antibody or other substance which binds to foreign microorganisms or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis
106
what are the primary lymphoid organs
thymus and bone
107
what are the precursors of RBC's and platelets
RBC - reticulocytes | Platelets - megakaryocytes
108
How can we determine HIV has progressed to aids
presence of CD4 T cell count of less that 200 per microliter OR aids defining illness like pneumocystis pneumonia or Cryptococcus pneumonia
109
most common areas of metastasis
lungs, liver, brain and bones
110
describe osmolarity
Osmolarity - number of osmotically active particles per liter Isosmotic - when two solutions contain the same number of particles per unit volume Hyperosmotic - more concentrated Hypoosmotic - less concentrated
111
what is Catarrhal exudate
seen in nose and throat and is associated with high levels of fluids
112
what is liquefactive necrosis
accumulation of fluid, tissue architecture is lost
113
what is caseous necrosis
3.Caseous - combo of coagulative and Liquefactive
114
what is coagulative necrosis
ischemic, tissue architecture preserved
115
what is diacylglycerol
DAG - DAG has shown to be important in driving the activation, proliferation, migration, and effector function of adaptive and innate immune cells
116
what is IP3
functions are to mobilize Ca2+ from storage organelles and to regulate cell proliferation and other cellular reactions that require free calcium

TRI 1 - Patho (5 decks)

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