Patho Unit 1

Question 1

Define Physiology

Answer 1

Study of the normal functioning of a living organism

Question 2

What are the 10 levels of biologic organization

Answer 2

Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Population
Ecosystem
Biosphere

Question 3

What are the 10 organ systems and what are their functions

Answer 3

a.Circulatory - transportation of materials
b.Digestive - conversion of food into particles and waste removal
c.Endocrine - coordination of body function
d.Immune - defense against foreign invaders
e.Integumentary - protection from external environment
f.Muskuloskeletal - support and movement
g.Nervous- coordination of body function
h.Reproductive - perpetuation of the species
i.Respiratory - exchange of gasses in lungs
Urinary - maintenance of water and waste removal

Question 4

Compare mechanistic and teleological explanations

Answer 4

Teleological - “Why” Event in terms of adaptive significance

Mechanistic - “How” examines process

Question 5

What are the four major themes of physiology

Answer 5

Structure and function are closely related
Living Organisms Need energy
Information Flow coordinates Body functions
Homeostasis maintains internal stability

Question 6

Define homeostasis

Answer 6

A state of maintaining a similar condition

Question 7

Define the terms pathological condition and pathophysiology

Answer 7

pathological condition - A disease state resulting from a lack of homeostasis
Pathophysiology - Study of body functions in a disease state

Question 8

Describe the law of mass balance

Answer 8

The amount of substance in the body is to remain constant, therefore any gain is to be offset by an equal loss

Question 9

Compare homeostasis, equilibrium, and steady state disequilibrium

Answer 9

Homeostasis implies things remain the same
Equilibrium implies that 2 things are identical
steady state disequilibrium implies that 2 compartments remain at 2 different levels of a given substance

Question 10

Discuss regulated variables and setpoints or optimum values

Answer 10

Regulated variables - Certain key functions that must stay within a healthy range
Setpoints - Optimum value of a certain regulated variable

Question 11

Explain the three components of control systems

Answer 11

Stimulus - Something notices a lack of homeostasis
Integrating Signal - a message is sent
Response - something reacts to bring back balance

Question 12

Expand the three components of a response loop into seven steps

Answer 12

Stimulus
Sensor
Input Signal
Integrating center
Output Signal
Target
Response

Question 13

Differentiate between positive and negative feedback loops

Answer 13

Positive feedback loops promote part of the early chain

Negative feedback loops inhibit part of the early chain

Question 14

Explain feedforward control and provide examples

Answer 14

When the body predicts something is about to happen and initiates a response
When food is imminent salivation occurs

Question 15

Discuss biological rhythms in terms of setpoint and regulated variables

Answer 15

Many biological rhythms fluctuate around a setpoint for a given day

Question 16

Describe the functional compartments of the body

Answer 16

Extracellular and intracellular fluids

Question 17

Describe the general functions of the cell membrane

Answer 17

Physical Isolation
Exchange Materials
Communication
Structural support

Question 18

Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

Answer 18

Phospholipid bilayer along with membrane proteins create exterior wall of the cell

Question 19

Membrane lipids create what type of barriers

Answer 19

Selective

Question 20

define the cytoplasm; cytosol; inclusions, insoluble protein fibers; and major organelles

Answer 20

Cytoplasm is everything that isn’t the nucleus
Cytosol is the fluid in the cytoplasm
Inclusions are stored nutrients, ribosomes
Insoluble proteins are cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia
Organelles are membrane bound compartments with specific functions

Question 21

Describe the function of the major organelles (4)

Answer 21

Mitochondria - ATP synthesis
Golgi aparatus - Cisternae recieve proteins and modifies and packages them into vesicles
Endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough - protein synthesis in rhibosomes
- Smooth - production of lipids in some cells
Nucleus - Contains DNA, Communicates via pores, Nucleoli contain DNA

Question 22

Define the two functions of the cytoplasmic vesicles

Answer 22

Lysosomes - small storage vesicles that contain digestive enzymes
Peroxisomes - contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and some foreign material

Question 23

What activates lysosomal enzymes

Answer 23

Low PH

Question 24

What is the study of tissue structure and function

Answer 24

Histology

Question 25

Describe the extracellular matrix and its components

Answer 25

Material that is secreated by cells Proteoglycans - help regulate molecular movement through the matrix Insoluble protein fibers - like collagen that provide strength

Question 26

Define Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)

Answer 26

Located on cell surface, bind cell to cell (Cadherins) and cell to matrix (Integrins)

Question 27

Discuss three major categories of junctions

Answer 27

Gap Junctions - Rapid communication Tight Junctions - restrict movement of materials between cells Anchoring Junctions - hold cells to each other

Question 28

Describe the anatomy and five functional categories of epithelia (5)

Answer 28

Exchange - thin flattened cells Transporting - columnar or cuboidal Ciliated - columnar or cuboidal with cilia Protective - many layers of flattened cells Secratory - one or many layers, columnar or polygonal

Question 29

Define and give examples of secretions for exocrine and endocrine glands

Answer 29

Exocrine - secrete outside the body, sweat | Endocrine - secrete inside the body, hormones

Question 30

What secretes the 4 types of matrix fibers and what are those matrix fibers

Answer 30

Fibroblasts Fibronectin Fibrillin Elastin Collagen

Question 31

Describe the different types of connective tissue (6)

Answer 31

``` Areolar tissue - holds tissue together Adipose Tissue - fat, cushioning Fibrous - support for tissues Blood - Blood Bone - bone Hyaline Cartilage - surface of joints ```

Question 32

Describe the 4 primary tissues types and their characteristics

Answer 32

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve

Question 33

Define etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations

Answer 33

Etiology - cause of a disease Pathogenesis - manner of development of a disease Clinical Manifestations - objective (observed by physician) or subjective (percieved by patient)

Question 34

Define energy, work, and metabolism in biological systems

Answer 34

Energy - capacity to do work Work - chemical (making of breaking chemical bonds) or transport (moving things through cell membranes) or mechanical (used for movement) Metabolism - all the chemical processes in an organism

Question 35

Discuss types of energy

Answer 35

Kinetic - energy of motion | Potential - stored energy

Question 36

Describe the different types of work

Answer 36

chemical (making of breaking chemical bonds) transport (moving things through cell membranes) mechanical (used for movement)

Question 37

Describe enzymes and explain the term isozymes

Answer 37

Enzymes proteins that catylize chemical reactions | Isozomes catylize the same reactions as enzymes but under different conditions

Question 38

Define reaction rate and how enzymatic activity can be altered

Answer 38

Reaction rate - how fast products are made or consumed

Question 39

Describe the major classifications of enzymatic reactions (4)

Answer 39

Oxidation reduction - add or subtract electrons Hydrolysis-dehydration - add or subtract water Exhange-addition-subtraction - exchange groups between molecules Ligation - join substances using energy from ATP

Question 40

Define metabolism and differentiate between catabolism and anabolism

Answer 40

Metabolism - all chemical reactions that take place in the human body Catabolism - Breaks down molecules Anabolism - Builds molecules

Question 41

Discuss the regulation of metabolic pathways (5)

Answer 41

``` Controlling enzyme concentrations Producing modulators that affect reaction rates Catalyzing reversible reactions Compartmentalizing enzymes Maintaining optimum rate of ATP to ADP ```

Question 42

List carrier molecules that deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system

Answer 42

NADH | FADH2

Question 43

Explain how H+ movement across the inner mitochondrial membrane results in ATP synthesis

Answer 43

H is pumped out to form a gradient then passively let back in to churn ATP synthase proteins to create ATP

Question 44

Compare the energy yield from the aerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to CO2 and H2O, and the anaerobic breakdown of one glucose molecule to lactate

Answer 44

30-32 vs 2

Question 45

Discuss what conditions are required for aerobic vs anaerobic metabolism

Answer 45

Availability of oxygen no oxygen - anaerobic with oxygen - aerobic