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TRI 1 - Patho > Patho Unit 2 > Flashcards

Patho Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Osmotic equilibrium and chemical and electrical disequilibrium

A

Osmotic - when fluid concentrations are equal on both sides of an equilibrium
Chemical - when concentrations of ions are not the same in different compartments
Electrical - electrical imbalance resulting from ion imbalance between compartments

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2
Q

What is the % distribution of water between body compartments

A

Intracellular compartment - 67%
Interstitial fluid - 25% (75%)
The plasma - 8% (25%)

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3
Q

Which solutes are found more in the ECF and ICF

A

Potassium ions

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4
Q

ISF and plasma have the same solutes except for what ,which is only found in plasma

A

Proteins

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5
Q

Explain Osmosis and Tonicity

A

Osmosis - Movement of water across a membrane in response to solute concentration gradient
Tonicity - How a solution would affect the volume of a cell placed in it

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6
Q

What does water move through when it enters and exits cells

A

Water filled ion channels created by aquaporins

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7
Q

Define Osmolarity, isoosmotic, hyperosmotic and hyposmotic

A

Osmolarity - number of osmotically active particles per unit liter
Isosmotic - when two solutions contain the same number of particles per unit volume
Hyperosmotic - more concentrated
Hyposomotic - less concentrated

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8
Q

Define tonicity, hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic

A

Tonicity - How a solution would affect the volume of a cell placed inside of it
Hypotonic - gains water and swells
Isotonic - does not gain water and does not change size
Hypertonic - looses water and shrinks

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9
Q

What are some key takeaways from osmolarity and tonicity

A 
Osmolarity
Number of particles in a solution
Osmoles/ liter
Used to compare any 2 solutions
Does not describe what happens to a cell in a solution

Tonicity
Has no units, only a comparative term
Compares a solution and a cell, describes only the solution
Tells us what happens to cell volume when a cell is placed in a solution

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10
Q

What is selective permeability

A

when a cell only lets certain types of molecules pass

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11
Q

Describe active and passive transport and give some examples

A

Active - requires a form of energy usually ATP - phagocytosis, endocytosis
Passive - does not require input energy - simple and facilitated diffusion

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12
Q

What is Fick’s law of diffusion

A

Diffusion will increase with larger surface area, larger concentration gradient or greater membrane permeability

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13
Q

What do transport proteins do

A

move molecules across membranes

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14
Q

Describe channel and carrier proteins

A

Channel - Always open

Carrier - selective

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15
Q

what structure make up water channels

A

aquaporins

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16
Q

what are the three types of gated channels

A

chemically gated
voltage gated
mechanically gated

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17
Q

what is a glut transporter and what does it do

A

Carrier protein, changes its conformation to allow molecules to enter a cell

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18
Q

Describe a sodium potassium ATPase pump

A

Moves Na out of the cell and K in using ATP to restore membrane potential

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19
Q

explain specificity, competition, and saturation

A
  1. Specificity - ability of a transporter to move only one or similar groups of molecules
  2. Competition - when substrates compete for the binding cite
  3. Saturation - at a certain point the number of carrier molecules will limit entrance into a cell
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20
Q

Compare phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis - when a cell engulfs a bacterium
  2. Endocytosis - how cells ingest nutrients, always happening
  3. Exocytosis - how cells get rid of waste
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21
Q

differentiate between paracellular and transcellular transport

Study These Flashcards
A

Paracellular transport - through junctions of adjacent cells

Transcellular transport - through epithelial cells themselves

22
Q

lumen to ECF

ECF to lumen

Study These Flashcards
A

Absorption

Secretion

23
Q

Discuss the law of conservation of electrical charge

Study These Flashcards
A

Net amount of electrical charge produced in any process is zero

24
Q

Define the resting membrane potential of a cell

Study These Flashcards
A

The electrical gradient between ICF and ECF

25
Describe depolarization, hyperpolarization, and repolarization
Depolarization - when potential moves toward 0 Repolarization - when potential moves back toward -70 Hyperpolarization - when potential overshoots and passes -70 temporarily before returning to -70
26
What are the 8 agents of cell injury
Ischemia - insufficient blood flow Infection - bacterial invasion and inflammatory response Immune reactions - hypersensitivities or autoimmune disorders Chemical factors - carbon monoxide. Heavy metals or free radicals Cellular aging - decline in homeostatic balance Psychosocial factors - fear, anxiety depression Physical factors - trauma, temperature or high load Nutritional factors - vitamin and mineral deficiencies
27
Differentiate between reversible and irreversible cell injury and describe the stages of cell damage
``` Reversible - Able to adapt, alterations to cellular mechanics - Increase in intracellular ions - Volume increases - Glycolytic ATP production - No nucleus damage Irreversible - unable to adapt, cell death and necrosis - Cell death ```
28
Discuss the 5 different adaptations to chronic cell injury
Atrophy - loss of mass Hypertrophy - gain of thickness of fibers Hyperplasia - increase in size Metaplasia - change of one cell type to another Dysplasia - abnormal development of cells
29
Describe the physiological processes of cell death
the cell will break down and fall apart and then Lysosomes of the cell will damage other nearby cells
30
Differentiate between necrosis and apoptosis
Necrosis - cell death | Apoptosis - programed cell death
31
Identify the types of necrosis and correlate the types to tissues or organs
Coagulative - ischemic, tissue architecture preserved Liquefactive - accumulation of fluid, tissue architecture is lost Caseous - combo of coagulative and Liquefactive Fat necrosis - lipase released and breaks down lipids
32
Describe gangrene and pathological calcification
Gangrene - Dry - blood flow impairment, no infection - Wet - associated with infection Calcification - Dystrophic - seen with necrosis - Metastatic - calcification of normal tissues
33
What are the phases of cell repair
Homeostasis - how the body stops loosing blood Inflammation Proliferation and migration Remodeling and maturation
34
Define inflammation
Increase of blood flow to promote healing
35
Define the signs and symptoms of local and systemic inflammation
a. Redness (Rubor) b. Heat (Calor) c. Swelling (Tumor) d. Pain (dolor) e. Altered function (Functuo Laesa) may occur
36
Describe an inflammatory reaction
a. Circulatory changes i. Active hyperemia - arteriole dilation ii. Stasis - slow down of circulation iii. Hemodynamic changes - leukocytes enter the wound area (Diepedesis) leukocytes find there way via chemotaxis iv. Increase in capillary permeability b. Leukocyte accumulation c. Chemical mediation
37
Describe the major categories of chemical mediators and their function during inflammation
a. Secreted - Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, tissue damage b. Proteins and molecules - Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, pain, tissue damage c. Cytokines - Opsonization, Fever, d. Newly Synthesized - Vasodilation, Vascular permeability, fever, pain
38
Define a major chemical mediator that leads to vasodilation and increase in capillary permeability
Histamine
39
What phagocyte is present in high numbers during inflammation and exudate
Neutrophils
40
Discuss different types of inflammatory exudates
a.Neutrophils - arrive first b.Macrophages - arrive second, modulate the activity of lymphocytes c.Monocytes - turn into macrophages at the tissue level Mast Cells - release histamine
41
What phagocytes replace neutrophils and mingle with lymphocytes in chronic inflammation
Macrophages
42
Describe some complications of inflammation
a.Abscess - locolized collection of puss b.Cellulitis - infection resulting from breach in the skin, life threatening Ulcer - inflamed necrosis, bed sore
43
What 4 proteins do fibroblasts make and what artheir functions
a. Proteoglycans - bind to finbronetins and collagen for stabilization b. Elastin - creates cross links to provide tissue elasticity c. Collagen - structural support, 3 chains of amino acids coiled into a triple helix d. Fibrocectin - forms scaffoldign to provide tensile strength
44
What does Fibronectin do
provides support for healing tissue by binding to integrin, proteoglycans and collagen
45
Describe where you might find Type 1, 2, and 3 collagen
a. Type 1 - tissues and bones b. Type 2 - cartilagenous tissue and growth plates c. Type 3 - new scars
46
Describe angiogenesis and its purpose
a. Angiogenesis i. Within 2 days of injury ii. Growth of new blood vessels
47
Describe granulation tissue
a.Contains endothelial cells and fibroblasts
48
Describe immature scars
type 3 collagen 15% tensile strength red, raised and rigid
49
Describe mature cells
type 1 collagen 80% tensile strength pale, planar pliable
50
Describe epithelialization
a.Epithelial cells multiply and and migrate across a wound bed forming granulation tissue

TRI 1 - Patho (5 decks)

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